Economic Globalisation And Rising Global Living Standards Economics Essay

Financial Globalization And Rising Global Living Standards Economics Essay 1.0. Presentation. The idea of financial globalization has become one of the for the most part compelling in monetary advancement just as raises the worldwide expectations for everyday comforts through monetary development and destitution decrease. Monetary Globalization is stoutly accepted to bring about better social, financial and in the contemporary world. However UN1 report (September 1999) show the current pattern of financial disparity has expanded drastically as an immediate aftereffect of monetary globalization and current standards of exchange. Therefore, financial globalization is becoming appealing a dubious issue whether it can truly prompt an ascent in worldwide expectation for everyday comforts or bother the circumstance. A few creators in this part look not to convincingly give or even agree on connection between monetary globalization and expectation for everyday comforts. To my understanding, financial globalization is a basic however insufficient condition to hurry expectation for ev eryday comforts 1.1. Reason The motivation behind this paper is to basically investigate how parts of financial globalization encourage an ascent in worldwide expectations for everyday comforts. The article will start by presenting the ideas of financial globalization and expectations for everyday comforts and its estimations, utilizing various readings, talks, Journals and my own view with respect to the issue. The initial segment of this exposition will delineate the connection between monetary globalization and commitment of financial globalization to the procedure of quickened monetary development and destitution decrease. Furthermore, it will look at some analysis and additionally challenges related with financial globalization. At long last, the paper will reach an inference dependent on survey discoveries. 1.2 Economic Globalization and Living Standards. The impression of monetary globalization mean worldwide spreading over financial connections in term of business sectors, money, great and administrations and the system make by value-based (Chase, 1999). As indicated by Nicholas (2009), monetary globalization is the expanding of cross outskirt stream of merchandise and administration. He underscore that It encourages expanding cross fringe development of money related capital, which increment financial matters exercises from private got from remote sources. Additionally, development of gainful exercises are then absolutely or in part stretched out or moved to another nation. All things considered, the incorporations of worldwide financial empowering social, monetary condition that will broke out of neediness and improved the expectation for everyday comforts of a related network. For better comprehension on the Concept of expectation for everyday comforts, I will brief examine on the possibility of GNI2 per capita which is more extensive meaning of prosperity. Michael Todaro (2009) express that GNI per capita is a typical proportions of financial exercises related with monetary prosperity of individuals comprehensively. He underscores that. GNI involves GDP in addition to the contrast between the salary inhabitants get from abroad for factor benefits less installment made to non occupants who add to the residential economy. That as well as it characterized by a few International organizations including OECD3 and UN expectations for everyday comforts process by HDI4 positions nations on size of high and lower positions. Typically it center around three pointers: I) future during childbirth information as estimated weighted normal of grown-up proficiency and way of life by utilizing genuine per capita total national output with PPP (Todaro and Smith 2009), ii) HDI uses to assess way of life by decide genuine per capital GDP balanced by PPP5 of each countrys money reflect average cost for basic items of a specific nation (Todaro 2009). The above data gives the undertone of expectations for everyday comforts is related with genuine pay per individual and neediness rate. 2.0 Link between Economic Globalization and Living Standard. Prior to the depiction of connection between the financial globalization and expectation for everyday comforts, this paper will portray to sum things up the objective one of MDG6 in relationship with the worldwide expectation for everyday comforts. The support of annihilate outrageous destitution and craving (Todaro 2009) is Goal One among of eight rousing and much discussed Millennium Development Goals (MDG). In coalition with its objective of decrease by half of the individuals living on under $1 per day, it points is to improve expectation for everyday comforts, and energize monetary development and improve value. In this respects, by accomplishing these focused on objectives, it will assist with improving the development just as pay destitution which is significant in neediness decrease and increase living expectations. Numerous authors accept that individuals lives with salary level beneath 1$ every day speaks to in outrageous neediness, showing that they live in supreme destitution. As per Allen and Thomas (2000) the worldwide objective for measure expectations for everyday comforts by utilizing neediness line which is US 1 $ every day by balanced by PPP. The inquiry is the thing that the position is for those living under a couple of dollar for every day. This is shows that needy individuals endure by essential prerequisites like social insurance, sufficient arrangements and fitting assurance. As I outline to start with, monetary globalization is the opening of financial to stream of products and ventures, capital and business from different countries that incorporate their market with that abroad S.Mishkin (2006). Henceforth is smarter to look which powers which help to rush the pace of monetary globalization today. I will consider on the three significant powers which assists with quickening the monetary globalization with expectations for everyday comforts as indicated by OECD handbook on Economic Globalization Indicators (2005). Financial globalization can increment by various powers. Coming up next are the significant powers which flexibly the quickness up all inclusive monetary: The advancement of capital developments, of money related administrations specifically, the opening of business sectors to global exchange and ventures. Neoclassical perspective transmits exchange advancement as a wellspring of comforts financial development by move to the market progression and developing worldwide amalgamation. Their key idea by having progressively open market arranged underline increasingly decision in exchange itself and capital stream build up the higher the expectations for everyday comforts of worldwide populace. Todaro and Smith (2009) express that, free market allowing rivalry to prosper privatizations which advance both monetary proficiency and financial development. Hoekman at al. (2004) concurs that, Trade advancement and receptiveness to exchange expands the development pace of salary and yield. In principle, it offers expectation for outside firm and nearby firms resident to be occupied with creation, give trust in send out with local and worldwide advance. To a huge degree the procedure watched bolster continuing the gainful accomplishment of regions like South Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore. Besides, i t cause workable for enormous firm to designate individual in to practice extra item, in this way grow more market and increment buyer inclinations. Furthermore, Neoclassical concurs that, free market as well as monetary globalization in term of budgetary globalization progress the financial development. As indicated by S. Mishkin (2006) monetary globalization through money related low has a few significant in developing business sector economies. In this respects development of capital stream permits to come into a nation empower circulation of capital just as household monetary segment become wealthy. For Neoclassical point of view, capital is physical sources of info including cash, machine characteristic asset and human with innovation. The development of capital creation came about blasting sparing in monetary organization (Nicholas 2009). In this respects expanding of sparing because of higher loan cost will energize the accelerate venture, empowering formation of work specifically for incompetent work power over the long haul, the salary of unpracticed work will be higher. Then again, Marxists contends that, financial globalization base on universal monetary worldwide leads unavoidably to lopsided addition (Nicholas 2009). Besides, they recognize this internationalize exchange rise a typical European and the development in different worldwide organization like World Bank and International Monitory Fund (Hossein 2005). By and by, the trading of exchange is imbalanced exchange, for creating nations produces essential merchandise were sent to cutting edge nations who thusly molded fabricated items after that they attempted to put available converse to poor nations with esteem included assessment making them excessively expensive, came about is worldwide free enterprise. Myriam Plank (2006) concurs that, In Gambia modest import of chicken egg and milk loosing neighborhood get to their local market and need chances to win pay subsequently ranchers particularly ladies crashed into destitution. This perception underline that decrease exchange tax is a key to devastates newborn children ventures agrarian division and in food in security particularly in creating nations. Distinctive with Neoclassical point of view, New Keynesian speculations feature that the worldwide financial incorporation isn't the consequence of free decision and not really shared gainful, however can be made to be commonly advantageous. Nicholas (2009).This circumstance exacerbated by chronicled viewpoint, the job of imperialism was harming of worldwide economy specific for those nations became provinces which come about the current intercontinental division of work. Maddison (2001) acknowledges that, organized commerce was forced in India and other British states and a similar valid in Britains casual realm Hence understand that the misuse of assets remembering contributions for term of human, slave exchange and essential item from Africa to the modern territories is a primary reasons of the expanding disparity in monetary development and expectation for everyday comforts among North and South. In extra to that, new Keynesian researchers contends that world economy is basically steady. Somewhat ch

Comparing Gender Roles of Americans over Past 100 Yrs

Kristal Smith Professor Ryan Enc 1101 Section 39547 November 22, 2012 Contemporary Roles versus Roles 100 Years Ago If we take a gander at America 100 years back, the progressions from that point to now are wonderful. In 1906, the normal life expectancy was 47 years. Just 18% of the homes had their own private bath. There were just 8000 vehicles aggregate in the United States with just 144 miles of cleared street. [1] Today we have a gauge 250 million enlisted vehicles in the United States. There have been laws passed that each home must have its own bath and new wellspring of water.Considering the progressions the United States has made in the course of recent years, it is nothing unexpected that the jobs of people have changed too. The jobs of people in contemporary society stanzas their jobs in the public arena 100 years back present a huge hole of physical and mental contrasts. The American lady of the 1900’s was to be seen, not heard. She was the homemaker and the one to bring up the youngsters. She cooked, cleaned, tended the clothing, showed the kids and dealt with her husband.She had no rights or opportunities in the political or strict world. was Limited rights and opportunities with a full heap of obligation was a troublesome undertaking to prevail at anyway the job was all around characterized which gave a suspicion that all is well and good. She had the option to keep up a delicate and passionate dispostion basically on the grounds that there were no desires for her to be some other way. The 1900’s American lady is the meaning of what we term the customary job of a lady. [2] Her partner, the 1900’s American man, was the laborer, supplier and protector.He had a voice in governmental issues and religion. He picked up regard and renown by his activity, his better half, and his kids. The job of the man was basic however significant. He was solid and secure with the enthusiastic help of his better half. The jobs of the 1900 American ladies and man praised each other well and were effective. The American lady job of cutting edge society has developed since the 1900’s. In present day, lady reserve the privilege to cast a ballot and run for administration in the event that she picks to.Women have equivalent rights as men in the political and strict fields too in the work power. In present day, numerous ladies work and help support monetarily for their family. The cutting edge American lady has more weight and worry to convey alongside her privileges and opportunities. This frequently keeps her from being delicate and enthusiastic. Their partner, the cutting edge American man, despite everything follow the conventional jobs of being the supplier and the defender, however there are additionally a great deal of â€Å"stay-at-home† fathers which implies they are presently the homemaker.In a few cases, he isn't the defender and security which can influence his manliness. It is confounded to enough detail the cutting edge jobs of people as the lines are not, at this point unmistakably characterized. The previous 100 years has served the American man and lady a different measure of changes from lady increasing equivalent rights to men cooking and cleaning. In the 1900’s, the jobs of ladies and men were plainly characterized and acknowledged. Today, the jobs are not characterized and the desires are confused.Men and ladies both would now be able to be the political pioneer, the supplier, the homemaker, and the defender. The current jobs of people sharing rights and opportunities are seen as something worth being thankful for. Maybe the customary jobs were progressively fruitful at commending each other as they disposed of the issue of sexual orientation job disarray. Works Cited 1. â€Å"Women 100 years Ago versus Women Now† http://recomparison. com/correlations/100358/ladies 100-years-back versus ladies now/2. â€Å"100 Years Ago in America† http://rense. com/gene ral70/100yrs. htm Copyright  © 2002 JPS/Kitco Inc

GEL-ing

GEL-ing I am not your typical MIT student. In high school, I never built a robot, never coded on my TI-89, never watched Star Wars. I did not get a 223,462,346,400 on my SAT. I did not take all 27 levels of the AP Physics test (I also apparently don’t know how many AP Physics tests there are). How did I wind up at MIT, you ask? One fateful Saturday morning while attending a community service event at my high school, I broke into the campus life center, gently harassed a staff member to let me use his computer, and screamed like I’ve never screamed before when I saw my admission letter. That day, this theater geek/runner/newspaper junkie became a MIT student. Truth is, I’m still a theater geek/runner/newspaper junkie. Along with my major in Chemical-Biological Engineering (Course XB, for those of you up to speed on the course numbers), I’m pursuing a Theater Arts minor because there’s no combination more perfect than spike tape and mass balances, right? I’m also on the Varsity Cross Country and Track teams here at the ‘tute, in which I get to hang out with some of the most awesome people I know. Two years ago, I would’ve laughed at you if you told me I’d be a varsity athlete in college. Now, I run the steeplechase. Finally, when night falls, I transform into Associate News Editor for MIT’s newspaper, The Tech. Some people will try to tell you engineers write numbers, not words. In this blog, I’ll prove them wrong. Actually, people will tell you a lot about engineers. A variety of one- liners tell me “real engineers give you the feeling you’re having a conversation with a dial tone or busy signal,” “real engineers consider themselves well dressed if their socks match, and “real engineers know the second law of thermodynamics-but not their own shirt size.” Well, I know my shirt size, and breaking the engineering mold is one thing I hope to accomplish in my next MIT adventure: the Gordon-MIT Engineering Leadership (GEL) Program. Over the course of one or two years, GEL takes engineering students at MIT and challenges them to think as engineering leaders. Through weekly engineering leadership labs, projects, and classes, students selected for GEL learn how to best tackle working in a group and take leadership roles in engineering projects. GEL speaks to the variety of engineers on campus. In GEL, chemical engineers collaborate with electrical engineers, mechanical engineers rub elbows with aero-astro engineers. GELs work with industry mentors, participate in Internship Plus experiences, and get exposed to experiences that expose us to a world of engineering beyond the Institute’s “Ivory Tower.” While I just got accepted to GEL, I’ve learned one thing so far: there’s no “typical” engineer at MIT. In fact, “typical” doesn’t describe anyone here, and in GEL I’m going to learn how to bring these atypical students together. Best of all, you get to share in my experiences along the way.

A Mother Critical Analysis Essay - 731 Words

A Mother’ ‘A Mother’ is one of the short stories that is part of James Joyce’s literary masterpiece Dubliners. The themes that run through this short story, and indeed the book itself, are: Simony, Gnomon and Paralysis. ‘A Mother’ is written in third person omniscient narration and focuses mainly on the point of view of Mrs Kearney. Who is, as I will try to justify further on, a serial simoniac and a victim of social convention. The first example of Mrs Kearney’s simony is her marriage to Mr Kearney, a bootmaker, who is far older than her. She married, not for love, but in order to keep her status in society respectable: â€Å"her friends began to loosen their tongues about her she silenced them by marrying† (pg 153) Another example of Mrs†¦show more content†¦Mrs Kearney never receives full payment. It is this which is the source of her revengefulness and anger during the progression of the tale. I believe also that Mr Kearney is a gnomic character, in the eyes of his society at least. He is an incomplete man who is controlled by his wife. He does not stand up to her, even in public and this lessens himself as a man in society She depersonalises her husband by saying â€Å"She appreciated his abstract value as a male† (pg 159) Paralysis casts a dark shadow over this story. Characters who I believe to be the most affected are Mr Kearney and Mrs Kearney herself. He is paralysed by his stale marriage and ruled by her. It is notable that he does not speak throughout the entire story. When Holohan tries to evoke a reaction from him concerning his wife’s behaviour he merely â€Å"continued to stroke his beard† (pg 164) He is paralysed and is unable to speak or do much of anything other than his wife’s bidding. Mrs Kearney is paralysed by the end of this story. She has lost everything she has been striving for by her own folly. She is shunned by society whom I believe Joyce has used Mr O’madden Burke to represent. I was led to believe this due to his ‘moral umberella’ (pg 164) which in the end of the story, as Mrs Kearney is broken and humiliated, he is ‘poised upon†¦in approval’ (pg 168) By committing simony to attempt to become complete, Mrs Kearney has done quite the opposite. Character who commit simony in Dubliners never achieveShow MoreRelatedMother Tongue : Critical Analysis1247 Words   |  5 PagesThis essay provides a critical analysis of an article by Amy Tan entitled Mother Tongue. From the article, it is well evident that the personas mother cannot be able to speak good English. This should not be taken to imply that she is not able to exercise her brain power. The wrong overdue misconception and association of English with intelligence should come to an end. The authors mother is an Asian and has learned English as her second language; it is not her mother tongue (Tan, 2006). 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Necessity Of Ration A Vaccine For A Contagious Disease Essay

Case Scenario 1: It has become necessary to ration a vaccine for a contagious disease. There is only enough vaccine available to cover 75% of the U.S. population. It is necessary to determine an appropriate method for doing this. Analyze this case by applying each of the theories of Utilitarianism, Rights-based, Justice-based and Virtue-based ethics as discussed in Module 2. (20 points) Utilitarian theory is the moral worth of an action is determined solely by its contributions to overall effectiveness. Since utilitarian theory is mainly about reducing suffering, but maximizing the utility. I believe in this scenario using this theory the vaccine would be rationed for those in the U.S. society who contribute to there community and help others. It would be hard to judge, but based on utilitarian reasoning there are some people who would be more helpful. The first people would be caretakers like physicians, doctors, therapists, philanthropists, and scientists who could maybe replica te the vaccine and reduce the suffering. As for the rights-based theory it is constructed from human rights. Similar to equal right to health care, right to make ones own decisions on health care, the right to refuse treatment, or even just determining the rightness and wrongness of an action. In this theory it could be a possibility that some might refuse the vaccine, which would be fine in the case that the vaccine is limited. The problems would be figuring out through the human rights

Chapter 13 Guided Reading Free Essays

Guided Reading Chapter 13 Terms: 1. Tropics- Areas with high humidity and temperatures 2. Monsoons- an overflow of water from rivers 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Chapter 13 Guided Reading or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ecosystems- communities of living things within a certain climare 4. Bilad al-sudan- West African Jewish communities who were connected to known Jewish communities from the Middle East, North Africa, or Spain and Portugal. 5. Dhow – any of various types of sailing vessels used by Arabs on the east African, Arabian, and Indian coasts, generally lateen-rigged on two or three masts. 6. Swahili – a member of a Bantu people of Zanzibar and the neighboring coast of Africa. Also, Kiswahili, ki-Swahili. the Bantu language of the Swahili people, used also as a lingua franca in Tanzania, Kenya, and parts of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. 7. Urdu- an official language of Pakistan, also spoken in India. The script derives primarily from Persia. It belongs to the Indic branch of the Indo-European family of languages, being closely related to Hindi but containing many Arabic and Persian loan words 8. Junks- Chinese Ships that can contain up to 40 tons Places: 9. Niger River – the principal river of western Africa, extending about 4,180 km 10. Indus River – is a major river which flows through Pakistan. It also has courses through western Tibet (in China) and Northern India. 11. The Ganges – a trans-boundary river of India and Bangladesh. The 1,569 mi river rises in the western Himalayas in the Indian state of Uttarakhand, and flows south and east through the Gangetic Plain of North India into Bangladesh, where it empties into the Bay of Bengal. 12. Mekong River- a river in Southeast Asia. is 4,350 km From the Tibetan Plateau this river runs through China’s Yunnan province, Burma (Myanmar), Laos, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam. 13. Swahili Coast-The Swahili Coast refers to the coast or coastal area of East Africa inhabited by the Swahili people, mainly Kenya, Tanzania, and north Mozambique. The term may also include the islands such as Zanzibar, Pate or Comoros which lie off the Swahili Coast. 14. Strait of Malacca – is a narrow, 805 km (500 mi) stretch of water between the Malay Peninsula and the Indonesian island of Sumatra. It is named after the Malacca Sultanate that ruled over the archipelago between 1414 and 1511. 15. Mogadishu – the Moroccan traveller Ibn Battuta’s appearance on the Somali coast in 1331, the city was at the zenith of its prosperity. He described Mogadishu as â€Å"an exceedingly large city† with many rich merchants, which was famous for its high quality fabric that it exported to Egypt, among other places. He added that the city was ruled by a Somali Sultan originally from Berbera in northern Somalia who spoke both Somali and Arabic with equal fluency. The Sultan also had a retinue of wazirs (ministers), legal experts, commanders, royal eunuchs, and other officials at his beck and call. 16. Kilwa -Kilwa Kisiwani is a community on an island off the coast of East Africa, in present day Tanzania. 7. Aden – In 1421, China’s Ming dynasty Yongle Emperor ordered principal envoy grand eunuch Li Xing and grand eunuch Zhou Man of Zheng He’s fleet to convey an imperial edict with hats and robes to bestow on the king of Aden. The envoys boarded three treasure ships and set sail from Sumatra to the port of Aden. This event was recorded in the book Ying-yai Sheng-lan by Ma Huan who accompanied the imperial envoy 18. Malabar Coast – The Malabar Coast is a long and narrow coastline on the south-western shore line of the mainland Indian subcontinent. Geographically, it comprises the wettest regions of southern India, as the Western Ghats intercept the moisture-laden monsoon rains, especially on their westward-facing mountain slopes. The term â€Å"Malabar Coast† is also sometimes used in reference to the entire Indian coast from the western coast of Konkan to the tip of the subcontinent at Cape Comorin. 19. Malacca – the third smallest Malaysian state after Perlis and Penang. It is located in the southern region of the Malay Peninsula, next to the Straits of Malacca. It borders Negeri Sembilan to the north and Johor to the south. Malacca was founded by Parameswara, also known as Iskandar Shah or Sri Majara, the last Raja of Singapura (present day Singapore) following a Majapahit attack in 1377. He found his way to Malacca around 1400 where he found a good port—it was accessible in all seasons and on the strategically located narrowest point of the Malacca Straits. 20. Timbuktu – The first mention is by the Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta who visited both Timbuktu and Kabara in 1353 when returning from a stay in the capital of the Mali Empire. [25] Timbuktu was still relatively unimportant and Battuta quickly moved on to Gao. At the time both Timbuktu and Gao formed part of the Mali Empire. A century and a half later, in around 1510, Leo Africanus visited Timbuktu. He gave a description of the town in his Descrittione dell’Africa which was published in 1550. [26] The original Italian was translated into a number of other languages and the book became widely known in Europe. [27] Empires/ Kingdoms: 21. Delhi Sultanate – five short-lived dynasties, Delhi based kingdoms or sultanates, mostly of Turkic and Pashtun (Afghan) origin in medieval India. The sultanates ruled from Delhi between 1206 and 1526, when the last was replaced by the Mughal dynasty. The five dynasties were the Mamluk dynasty (1206–90); the Khilji dynasty (1290–1320); the Tughlaq dynasty (1320–1414); the Sayyid dynasty (1414–51); and the Afghan Lodi dynasty (1451–1526). 22. Mali Empire – a West African empire of the Mandinka from c. 1230 C. E. to c. 1600. C. E. The empire was founded by Sundiata Keita and became renowned for the wealth of its rulers, especially Mansa Musa I. The Mali Empire had many profound cultural influences on West Africa, allowing the spread of its language, laws and customs along the Niger River. It extended over a large area and consisted of numerous vassal kingdoms and provinces. 23. Kanem- Bornu – existed in modern Chad and Nigeria. It was known to the Arabian geographers as the Kanem Empire from the 9th century AD onward and lasted as the independent kingdom of Bornu until 1900. At its height it encompassed an area covering not only much of Chad, but also parts of modern southern Libya, eastern Niger, northeastern Nigeria and northern Cameroon. The history of the Empire in the longue duree is mainly known from the Royal Chronicle or Girgam discovered in 1851 by the German traveller Heinrich Barth. 4. Gujarat – From 1297 to 1300, Allauddin Khilji, Sultan of Delhi, destroyed Anhilwara and incorporated Gujarat into the Delhi Sultanate. After Timur’s sacking of Delhi at the end of the fourteenth century weakened the Sultanate, Gujarat’s Muslim Rajput governor Zafar Khan Muzaffar asserted his independence, and his son, Sultan Ishaan Shah (ruled 1411 to 1442), restructured Ahmedabad as the capital. 25. Bahmani Kingdom – was a Muslim state of the Deccan in South India and one of the great medieval Indian kingdoms. Bahmanid Sultanate was the first independent Islamic Kingdom in South India. 6. Vijayanagar Empire – an empire based in South India, in the Deccan Plateau region. It was established in 1336 by Harihara I and his brother Bukka Raya I of Sangama Dynasty and Dhangar / Kuruba Gowda lineage. 27. Great Zimbabwe – Great Zimbabwe acted as a royal palace for the Zimbabwean monarch and would have been used as the seat of their political power. One of its most prominent features were its walls, some of which were over five metres high and which were constructed without mortar. Eventually the city was abandoned and fell into ruin. Individuals / Peoples: 28. Muhammed ibn Ab-dullah ibn Buttata – a Muslim Moroccan explorer, known for his extensive travels, accounts of which were published in the Rihla (lit. â€Å"Journey†). Over a period of thirty years, he visited most of the known Islamic world as well as many non-Muslim lands; his journeys including trips to North Africa, the Horn of Africa, West Africa, Southern Europe and Eastern Europe in the West, and to the Middle East, South Asia, Central Asia, Southeast Asia and China in the East, a distance surpassing threefold his near-contemporary Marco Polo. Ibn Battuta is considered one of the greatest travellers of all time. He journeyed more than 75,000 miles (121,000 km), a figure unsurpassed by any individual explorer until the coming of the Steam Age some 450 years later. 29. Sundiata – founder of the Mali Empire 30. Mansa Kankan Musa – the tenth Mansa, which translates as â€Å"King of Kings† or â€Å"Emperor†, of the Malian Empire. At the time of Mansa Musa’s rise to the throne, the Malian Empire consisted of territory formerly belonging to the Ghana Empire and Melle (Mali) and immediate surrounding areas, and Musa held many titles, including: Emir of Melle, Lord of the Mines of Wangara, and Conqueror of Ghanata, Futa-Jallon, and at least another dozen states. 1. Mansa Suleiman – mansa of the Mali Empire from 1341 to 1360. The brother of the powerful Kankan Musa I, he succeeded Musa’s son Maghan to the throne in 1341. His son Kassa briefly assumed the throne following his death in 1360, but was succeeded the same year by Maghan’s son Mari Diat a II. 32. Sultan Iltutmish – He was a slave of Qutb-ud-din Aibak and later became his son-in-law and close lieutenant. He was the Governor of Badaun when he deposed Qutub-ud-din’s successor Aram Shah and acceeded to the throne of the Delhi Sultanate in 1211. He shifted Capital from Lahore to Delhi, remained the ruler until his death on May 1, 1236. Iltutmish introduced the silver tanka and the copper jital-the two basic coins of the Sultanate period, with a standard weight of 175 grains. He introudced Iqtadari system: division of empire into Iqtas, which were assigned to the nobles and officers in lieu of salary. 33. Sultan Raziya – First female Sultan referred to as Razia Sultana was the Sultana of Delhi in India from 1236 to May 1240. She was of Seljuq slave ancestry and like some other Muslim princesses of the time, she was trained to lead armies and administer kingdoms if necessary. Razia Sultana, the fifth Mamluk Sultanate was the only woman ruler of both the Sultanate and the Mughal period. Important Events: 34. Mansa Musa’s Pilgrimage – Musa’s journey was documented by several eyewitnesses along his route, who were in awe of his wealth and extensive procession, and records exist in a variety of sources, including journals, oral accounts and histories. Musa is known to have visited with the Mamluk sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad of Egypt in July 1324. Questions to Outline: 1. The ecosystems in Africa are controlled by their location in comparison with the equator and there are many different ecosystems with in a tropical environment which is an area with a high temperature and humidity. 2. It mobilized the labor of ordinary people in order to produce surpluses, helped support powerful states and profitable commercial systems. 3. Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent mainly took place from the 13th to the 16th centuries, though earlier Muslim conquests made limited inroads into North India as early as the time of the Rajput kingdoms in the 7th century. Some historians consider parts of the conquest the bloodiest chapter in human history. 4. The Indian Ocean trade has been a key factor in East–West exchanges. Long distance trade in dhows and sailboats made it a dynamic zone of interaction between peoples, cultures, and civilizations stretching from Java in the East to Zanzibar and Mombasa in the West. Cities and states on the Indian Ocean rim were Janus-faced. They looked outward to the sea as much as they looked inward to the hinterland. In the contemporary period, the re-assertion of Asia’s cultural, political, and economic trength has manifested itself in varied events such as the meteoric rise of the Chinese economy and the growing influence of India’s culture industry, and the rise of Dubai as a global financial hub. These processes indicate a gradual movement of the fulcrum of global economic and military exchanges away from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean, a shift which is being keenly watched by nationa l elites and global institutions. 5. Their status was determined by males, Tasks were cooking, brewing and farm work, family organization was important in society and some women didn’t adopt veiling. . The spread of Islam, Commercial contacts and the rise of Mali and Ghana. These changed many things with in the people such as what rights they had, the amount of slavery, taxes and trade, economy was based off gold and their religion. 7. They made certain adjustments such as irrigation systems, and adopted different means of surviving such as wild food and fish hunting, herding and grain trade, farming of rice, wheat , sorghum and millet. They also built dams and reservoirs. How to cite Chapter 13 Guided Reading, Essay examples

John Betjeman is very famous for his poetry, especially his style Essay Example For Students

John Betjeman is very famous for his poetry, especially his style Essay John Betjeman is very famous for his poetry, especially his style. He used mockery with nostalgia, criticism with affection and melancholia with humour. This is shown in many of his poems especially those about women. When poets write about women they usually say how feminine they are. How petite, caring and loving. They usually go into depth on their beautiful and compare them with flowers or special treasures. However John Betjeman describes how much he loves a sports girl, thats adventurous and strong. He doesnt compare them to sweet innocent possessions but as men or large monstrous hedges or bushes. His women are not seen or admired for their caring abilities yet for their talent for their strength in sports. We will write a custom essay on John Betjeman is very famous for his poetry, especially his style specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In Myfanwy Betjeman thinks about what she would have looked like when she was younger. In this poem Betjeman is in his early childhood, sitting in his playpen admiring his nanny who is Myfanwy. This poem does show some of Myfanwys feminine ways as he says about her smell of fresh soap and her softness. Then he thinks to himself was she a hockey girl, tennis or gym. Was she a prefect or head of her dormitory? As though her feminine ways are obvious he wants to know whether she was sporty in her youth, he wants to know what she is like in depth. He has images appear in his head of her dressed in useful clothing like a school uniform riding her bike. When he thinks of Myfanwy he seems to act childish. Like child nursery rhymes they are nice to hear, and are a pleasure for children. The way Betjeman describes Myfanwy appearance and thinks of her reading a childrens book to him, this shows that not only does he adore her but finds her a pleasure to be with. The use of language in this poem shows us that he adores her, by the use of adjectives at the beginning of nearly every sentence. The use of questions helps to add pace. Pace is quite powerful and seen as strong like his women. This poem shows that Betjeman likes to be protected. This is why he has put himself in a venerable position of being a young child, needing care and attention. He wants to be cared for by an older stronger woman. You will protect meà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. ringleader, tom-boy, and chum to the weak. He makes himself seem weak and needing a lot of protection. Most women want a man who is strong and protective of them, its very unusual for a man to want protection. Betjeman seems to prefer strong ladies maybe due to his insecurity. In Oxford: sudden illness at the bus stop Betjeman talks about women and how materialism doesnt make them happy. He talks about a lady and her husband going from poor to riches. And having luxury furnishings and home. The poem then goes on to describe that the lady is being left at home and  is put upon to create dinner parties for his fellow mates at work. At first she liked the idea and liked to create them, but after time she didnt enjoy it and felt resentful, unwanted. The parties and entertaining was growing old and boring. Although with having all this materialism made one feel safer she was unable to enjoy it. This woman would give up everything to go back to how her life was before when she was loved and her life was simple. The use of language in this poem show that he feels that materialism isnt the key to happiness. That this woman felt that she needed to do something else apart from entertaining her husbands colleges. I feel that Betjeman is trying to show that women who are not active and are put upon are not as happy and beautiful as those who live life as active as possible. What forks since then have been slammed in places?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ too much, too many! So fetch the doctor. This shows that she is totally fed up of preparing dinners that this is enough no more its making her depressed, thats why she needs a doctor. Betjeman could also be trying to put across that those who are materialised and live in urban areas suffer with more health problems than those who live in rural areas with active outdoor jobs do. The lady seems to be old too much, too many! à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ This dress has grown such a heavier load since Jack was only a Junior Proctor. Thus thinking to her self what as she got to s how for it, apart from materialism not happiness. .u5e424820b5e5cf25c4ca144d5cbef286 , .u5e424820b5e5cf25c4ca144d5cbef286 .postImageUrl , .u5e424820b5e5cf25c4ca144d5cbef286 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5e424820b5e5cf25c4ca144d5cbef286 , .u5e424820b5e5cf25c4ca144d5cbef286:hover , .u5e424820b5e5cf25c4ca144d5cbef286:visited , .u5e424820b5e5cf25c4ca144d5cbef286:active { border:0!important; } .u5e424820b5e5cf25c4ca144d5cbef286 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5e424820b5e5cf25c4ca144d5cbef286 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5e424820b5e5cf25c4ca144d5cbef286:active , .u5e424820b5e5cf25c4ca144d5cbef286:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5e424820b5e5cf25c4ca144d5cbef286 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5e424820b5e5cf25c4ca144d5cbef286 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5e424820b5e5cf25c4ca144d5cbef286 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5e424820b5e5cf25c4ca144d5cbef286 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5e424820b5e5cf25c4ca144d5cbef286:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5e424820b5e5cf25c4ca144d5cbef286 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5e424820b5e5cf25c4ca144d5cbef286 .u5e424820b5e5cf25c4ca144d5cbef286-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5e424820b5e5cf25c4ca144d5cbef286:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: â€Å"The Rape of Lock† and â€Å"The Eve of St Agnes† Poetry EssayAnother poem which backs up this point of view of women not being happy when surrounded by luxury furnishings or ways of life is Sun And Fun. Betjeman is trying to show the ladies point of view about her life. She says that when she was younger she was rich and fashionable and had fun yet when she looks back on her life she says what was it all for. She regrets her life. Youth and Age on Beaulieu River, Hants. This poem starts off by describing the countryside and scenic routes. In this poem Betjeman describes a woman as shapes and natural features. Tulip figure, so appealing, oval face. This seems very feminine yet if you read the rest of the stanza you will see him describe a lady in a different way, on to huge and lake like reaches, slacks the slim young limbs revealing, sun brown arm the tiller feeling. He makes this beautiful woman seem butch. He also describes the ladies life, when she was young she is described as the sun, bright cheerful and full on energy. But as he goes on to describe her as she is ageing he describes her as a sunset, lacking energy and brightness. The warmth and glow disappears as you get older. Betjeman has described a variety of  women those who he adores the sporty, strong women. To those he feels sorry for those who are put upon by their husbands, and have no fun in their lives, then to those who he compares to nature and uses nature to show their age. These poems when put together show his point of view. From other poems of his like Slough it is obvious that he doesnt like modernising or urbanisation. He prefers the countryside; he also doesnt like tinned foods as he thinks it is fake. Rather like in the poem Oxford the lady gets fed up of entertaining colleges she uses tinned foods. As though she doesnt care and uses a cheaper range of food even though they live in a middle/upper class environment. His love for sporty women is shown in several poems: Pot pourri from Surrey garden, Myfanwy, Senex, a Subalterns love song, the Licorice fields at Pontefract. These poems show how he admires strong, sporty people. This could be because they do sports they are still using the countryside for their sports. And they are strong in the mind and dont allow men to dominate them. They are not easily beaten. So the variety of women are those who are sporty, and competitive, compared to those who are stuck to a daily routine of cooking and cleaning. Those who look back on their lives and think what have they got to show for their lives. Then those of a young age compared to those who are older. Their surroundings, upbringing, and their view on life effect these poems. Betjeman uses his views of modernisation and uses women to show these. As he makes people look at women differently by the way he describes them, noticing other features of them that show strength and health. How urbanisation can affect happiness in someones life, and how much better the countryside is compared to the city.

Reiss SWOT Analysis free essay sample

Reiss really pays close attention to detail and quality of fabric. For example, for this large collar overcoat, Reiss have chosen to use a wool-rich blend, a very high quality fabric for a coat. The double-breasted style gives a formal look and the oversized collar gives a touch of informality. Moving onto the element of interest; the sunray effect seam detail. This gives a ‘shapely look’, suggesting that Reiss like to not only create formal looks but also very feminine rather than androgynous. Jacquard is a very interesting fabric that can be used to ‘spruce up’ any – otherwise plain – garment. I love Reiss’ clever use of mixing plain and textured fabrics and what better textured fabric to use than jacquard? It is yet another great way to add attention to detail with its intricate, ‘embossed’ and oh-so-shiny quality. Taruca is a breath of fresh air amongst the other Reiss Garments with its striking red hue and beautifully simple neck detail (again, attention to detail  Ã‚  and glossy lining. We will write a custom essay sample on Reiss SWOT Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Shop Layout If there is one thing I have noticed about Reiss’ stores worldwide, it is the minimalistic, formal and no-nonsense layout. From monochrome steps to clear hanging shelves, the moment you enter the shop the ambience is smooth yet sharp, simple yet bold and calm yet formal. The most recognisable details of the stores being true black with chrome, cylindrical bars and sometimes full wall mirrors and due to this professional layout. I have drawn my customer profile to a conclusion, taking points from all aspects of the company itself; the prices, the garment quality and finish and also the shop layout. The prices for the garments at Reiss are quite high-end. This – I feel – is because of the high quality material that Reiss use to make their garments. My conclusion is that Reiss design with simple, key shapes in mind, focusing on textured materials to add the element of interest in small detail. I feel that Reiss attract business orientated minds, where high prices propose high quality and above-standard finish. When you enter a shop, it only takes you a few seconds to determine whether or not you feel comfortable in the ambience that the layout gives off. Unlike Primark, for example, that give off a loud, bubbly feeling, Reiss’ target market are obviously higher end customers that feel comfortable with minimalistic style and calm ambience. These customers are looking for a striking yet professional look to ‘seal the deal’. Competition and Weaknesses

Starting a Street Team

Starting a Street Team Every writers dream is to find as many readers as possible, but finding readers takes valuable time away from writing. The idea having an army of readers working to promote your book sounds too good to be true. But, is it? You can develop your own street team to grow your readership. But how? This is what I learned from my first street-team: Start a closed Facebook group for your street team. Use this group to promote your book before its release and during the first week. They in turn share on their own social pages. Send an invite to as many of your most active followers/fans as possible to join the private group. We like thinking we are on the inside of something. It is fun to connect with other readers who really like the authors work. Update the street team on the progress of the release, give date and goals, i.e., 100 verified reviews on Amazon in the first week, etc. Â  They are going to buy/read anyways, you are just asking them to do it quickly. I read the last book in one day (release date) and had my review posted on the second day. Encourage them to ask friends and associates to read/review as a favor, etc., share the goal of 100 reviews needed for a favored author. The idea is that people flock to a blockbuster movie, and this is no different, plus they get the enjoyment of reading! Books are always better than movies. Provide your input/commentary on posts Encourage one person to take the lead. They will keep the group on target without you having to do everything. Â  A short Good morning post to the group each morning acts as a reminder to the others to reach out in some way. Consider giving your galley copies to the group to read and post reviews on Amazon, Barnes Noble, Goodreads, Facebook, Twitter, and more. They can pass them on to other reader/reviewers to help your pre-and post-release numbers. Let your publisher know if your street team members belong to NetGalley so they can download a copy of your book to read and review. Post frequently to the street team group leading up to the book release (one month before the release through the end of the first week) to give encouragement/praise. Encourage them to post photos, advertisements, and promotional ideas on their private social pages, too. Add any of the other things you have already been doing to promotebut make the group the first audience for your ideas, etc. It is a fluid group that will adapt to any ideas you share. Marketing our work is the hardest part of being an author, but it is not impossible. Using a street team will make that much easier. You will make a few new friends and connect with more readers who love your work. Isnt that our goal, after all, expanding our readership?

Tell us how you became interested in a healthcare career in your Essay

Tell us how you became interested in a healthcare career in your designated area of interest and relate any healthcare experience you may have had to date - Essay Example I opted for this career and completed my education to become a Licensed Practical Nurse. I analyzed that there is no end to knowledge and practice and education serves to further enhance and polish the skills of a person. Therefore, it is for this purpose that I wish to enroll in a program for Registered Nurse. This program will serve to expand my understanding and knowledge with regard to the field of nursing. I am currently working as Licensed Practical Nurse in Long Term Care and I have been affiliated with this department since the last nine years. I chose the field of healthcare as my career path because it had always been my passion to become a nurse and be a part of the health care system. When I was a young child, I fell off my bicycle and I was taken to the hospital as I was hurt. The nurse in the hospital treated my problem and she also assisted me in overcoming the fear that I had owing to my fall. It was at that point that I decided that I would become a nurse and fulfill my duties in a similar manner. My learning and practical experience has greatly enhanced owing to my work experience and I have learnt many new things during my clinical practice. I have worked under different Registered Nurses and it has assisted in providing me with an understanding the roles and duties of these nurses. I wish to have a similar authority in clinical practice like Registered Nurses and I also wish to assist my patients in the best possible ways. An occurrence in my health care setting further served as a push to complete my education and become a Registered Nurse. I was given the job of handling an old patient who was suffering from colon cancer. One day the patient was experiencing excruciating pain and the oral medications did not prove to relieve her pain. I could not administer Intravenous narcotics to her without the permission from the Registered Nurse who was unavailable at that moment. The RN was later contacted and she came herself to

Careers & Career Management Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Careers & Career Management - Term Paper Example The purpose of career management is to support the people in achieving their aims and goals. Career management program involves a number of human resource management concepts which assist individuals in enhancing their performance through reviews and feedbacks. It enables individuals in identifying their skills and implementing them for their benefit along with the progression of the organization at large. This will assist them in developing a correct career path as per their capability and knowledge. The success of the individuals depends on the selection of the correct principles and guidelines which would enrich their skills. It is often observed that career success and career failure depends on certain decisive factors within the career path of an individual that ultimately create the difference (Public Service Commission, â€Å"Defining Career Management†). Correspondingly, the objective of the paper is to understand the reason behind the success and the failure of a pers on depending on the career management aspects. The importance of career management and the positive outcome are also evaluated in this paper. DESCRIPTION OF THE SUCCESS STORY OF ALAN MULALLY Alan Mulally is the present Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the Ford Motor Company. He is as an American engineer by education who has attained unparalleled success in his careers in Ford Motors and the Boeing Company. He became the CEO and the President of the Ford Motor Company in the year 2006. Before his career with Ford Motors, he was the President and CEO of Boeing from September 1998 to September 5, 2006. He was responsible for the working and service deliverance by Boeing (Bloomberg Business Week, â€Å"Alan R. Mulally†). Alan Mulally is a graduate from the University of Kansas. He had a degree in the aeronautical and astronautical engineering and is also a management degree holder which he completed in 1982. He started his professional career in Boeing just immediately after he was out from his college as an engineer. He contributed in the progress of the company through his ideas and hard work. He demonstrated his hard work through making designs which were benefiting the company. Through his dedication, attitude and thoughtfulness, he soon became the Vice President for his project work on 777. In a little while, he was promoted as the Senior Vice President as he displayed his skills and knowledge of engineering in his work. His interests, focus towards the company, along with depiction of knowledge and skills had been driving him towards success. Subsequently, through his entrepreneurship, values and communication skills, he became the CEO of the company. The objective of the company and his individual skills were allowing him to flourish as the key decision maker within the organization. Through his perception and a clear mind-set, he has always remained aware of the needs and wants from his professional life (Bloomberg Business Week, â€Å"Alan R. Mul ally†). The contribution of Alan Mulally in Boeing through his efficiency and storing vision acted as key factor in bestowing him with the role of CEO in Ford Motors in the year 2006. He was appointed as the CEO to save the company from the financial crunch it was facing. Throughout his career, he has been recognized for his contribution along with leadership style, and for which he has been awarded with the â€Å"

Creating A Suitable Wing Box Structure Engineering Essay

Creating A Suitable Wing Box Structure Engineering Essay This report was written in the pursuit of creating a suitable wing box structure for AMYE, in which a suitable design for the structure has been researched. As a result of the design study on wing box loading cases and requirements imposed on the concept, a finished structure plan has been created. The finished design structure has been created in recognition of design criteria calling for a wing box able of carrying a 2.5kN bending load without any buckling, and a 5kN bending load before failure as final parameters. The analytical study of all options of design has shown how the number of stringers, stiffeners, and geometrical rivet spacing can all be used to vary and tailor the wing box structure in order to meet design parameters. The conclusion of the report is that in order to meet requirements to the fullest extent and simultaneously not have any over-design present in the structure, a dimensioned wing box plan has been formulated. Summarising, the wing box has 6 stringers, 5 stiffeners on the short web plate, 7 stiffeners on the longer web plate, 2 spar webs and a rivet spacing of 30 mm all equidistant in order to meet criteria. Introduction Part of a wing box design, construction and testing process, this report will focus on a final wing box design for the AMYE company. The AMYE company has issued a request for a wing box design for one of their aircraft. This report will provide information on such a design. The design report will be influenced by findings done in the literacy report. AMYE will focus on designs meeting their needs and financial possibilities. Therefore, this report will provide information on the wing box design and choices made to come to this design. The report also meets AMYEs request for a construction proposal. There are certain requirements for the design of the wing box. This report contains a basic design as well as our own input to meet all the needs of the client. The goal is to make a basic design meeting all the requirements and then adding our own design choices making the design better in a way of for example lower weight, or lower production costs. There will also be a production plan cut out. Structure of the report is as follows. As in any design project, requirements are formulated first. After discussion of a number of key concepts, design is made based on calculations. From this design a construction plan is made, followed by a weight and cost estimation, which is to be reported to AMYE. Design Requirements Design of any aircraft component is based on the requirements imposed on the part. For the wing box load bearing capabilities AMYE has set clear requirements, being (Brugemann et all, 2010): The wing box has to withstand a tip load of 2,5 kN without buckling. The wing box has to withstand a tip load of 5,0 kN without failure. Buckling is allowed at this extreme situation. The design must be optimized with respect to weight and producibility. The number of stingers and rivets must therefore be kept as low as possible. It has to be taken into account that a structure that can withstand much higher loads than the 5 kN failure load is overdesigned. The wing box should have at least one intermediate stringer attached to the lower skin, in order to avoid buckling in a reverse situation since landing causes compression in the lower skin of the wing box. Besides restrictions on load bearing capabilities, outer dimensions of the wing box have also been given. When these dimensions arent stuck to, proper testing is not possible and the design will be rejected. Dimensional restrictions are found in appendix A. (GENERAL DIAGRAM) Key concepts Throughout this report references will be made to a few key concepts. These concepts are discussed and explained below. Moment of inertia In order to calculate bending stress the moment of inertia is computed. The moment of inertia with respect to the x-axis is calculated through a variety of steps. First the position of the centroid without any attached stiffeners is calculated, together with effect of added stiffeners on the centroids position. This is done in excel in order to compute variable combinations to find the optimum in different configurations. The position for the centroid in vertical direction is given by where A is surface area in the cross section and y is the distance of a components centroid to a certain reference point (usually y=0). The moment of inertia is then calculated using the formula: In this formula dy is the distance between centroid and the centroid of the component. For rectangular shaped objects, as found in the wing box cross section, the formula the moment of inertia is as follows: The total moment of inertia is found by the summing the individual moments of inertia of each part of the wing box. The stringers are assumed to be made up of two perpendicular rectangles for purpose of calculations. The base shape of the wing box is assumed to be made of four individual rectangles, with stringers used in the four corners to hold the sheets together as shown [IMAGE REFERENCE]. The finished model has a change in moment of inertia as we add and subtract stringers to the top or the bottom of our structure. Thus by adding stringers to our model, we increase the moment of inertia of our structure and thus our structure is able to cope with higher loads. Compression shear buckling coefficients In order to relate sheet geometry and critical buckling stress, buckling coefficients are needed. Two coefficients are distinguished: compression buckling coefficient KC and shear buckling coefficient KS. Both coefficients vary with the ratio width:height (in which width>height) and clamping states of the sides of the area. Three clamping states are distinguished: clamped, hinged and free. From combinations of these clamping states different situations are created. For a wing box, shear buckling coefficient is used on web plates and compression buckling coefficient is used in the upper skin. On the web plates all stiffeners are assumed to be hinged supports. The connections to the upper and lower skin are considered clamped. This results in situations 2 for areas between stiffeners and situation A for outer areas, as shown in figure 2. Since the value of KS is bigger for A than for 2, all areas can be considered number 2 when considering failure (Brugemann et all, 2010). On the upper skin all connections to the clamps, spars and web plates are considered fixed as supports are deemed heavy and strong enough. Connections to stringers are considered hinged. This leads to situation 3 and 5 for the upper skin, as shown in figure 1 (Brugemann et all, 2010). Figures 1 and 2, showing the clamping states of the upper skin(1) and web plates(2) Loads As stated the wing box will be tested for tip loading. An illustration for such a tip load is shown in figure 3, with the tip load drawn in red. Resultant forces as shown in blue and green. Figure 3: A tip force (red) and resultant shear and normal forces From statics it is known that shear forces will be induced in the web plates of the torsion box to provide equilibrium of forces in y-direction. To provide moment equilibrium a force couple will act in the upper and lower skin, causing the former to be in compression and latter to be in tension (Wright Cooper, 2007). Shear force The approach taken to compute the number of stiffeners required on each web plate is as follows. First the forces which have to be dealt with by the web plates will be computed. After this the number of stiffeners required to cope with these forces without buckling will be calculated. The magnitude of the shear force in the web plates can be computed from equilibrium of moment around the y-axis, which states that the shear forces in the web plates are equal. Since the two shear forces together must equal P for equilibrium each shear force is equal to  ½P. From mechanics it is known that shear stress is shear force over area. Given that the web plates have a thickness t and a height of 2h we know the formula for the shear stress (Brugemann et all, 2010): Filling in the given values of P=2500N, h=75mm and t=0,8mm we find à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ = 10,42 MPa. However, at this point sweep of the wing hasnt been taken into account yet. The influence of wing sweep on the shear stress is given by (Brugemann et all, 2010): Filling in à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾(0à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °) = 10,42MPa gives à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ = 13,89 MPa . This is the shear stress the web plates of the wing box should be able to cope with without buckling. Now progress can be made to computing the number of stiffeners. Knowing the value of shear stress to be dealt with, a look at the shear stress at which plate buckling occurs is needed. The formula for the initial buckling stress is as follows (Brugemann et all, 2010): In which KS is the shear buckling coefficient, E is the E-modulus of the material used, t is the thickness of the material used and b is the stringer pitch. For the placement of the stiffeners the two web plates of the wing box have to be considered individually, since both differ in length. Since the wing box during testing is clamped over 110mm and 60mm the first web plate has an effective length of 1099 mm and the second an effective length of 1330mm. The stringer pitch can then be computed by dividing web plate length by the number of intervals on the plate. At this point the reader is referred to the key concept of the shear buckling coefficient, where the determination of the buckling situation is done. This assessment is used for determining the KS coefficient. The following table can be made up for various numbers of stiffeners on the shorter web plate: Number of stiffeners [-] Stiffener Pitch [mm] a/b [-] Ks[-] à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ [Mpa] 1 549,5 3,663333 8,4 1,289028 2 366,3333333 2,442222 8,8 3,038424 3 274,75 1,831667 9,4 5,769936 4 219,8 1,465333 9,8 9,399164 5 183,1666667 1,221111 10,3 14,22535 6 157 1,046667 10,8 20,30219 7 137,375 0,915833 8 122,1111111 0,814074 A similar table can be made up for the longer web plate of length 1330mm: Number of stiffeners [-] Stiffener Pitch [mm] a/b [-] Ks[-] à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ [Mpa] 1 665 4,433333 8,3 0,869668 2 443,3333333 2,955556 8,6 2,027478 3 332,5 2,216667 9 3,772053 4 266 1,773333 9,35 6,123037 5 221,6666667 1,477778 9,7 9,147228 6 190 1,266667 10,2 13,09217 7 166,25 1,108333 10,6 17,77056 8 147,7777778 0,985185 Comparing the values in the tables with the given shear stress of 13,89 MPa shows us that the shorter web plate will require five stiffeners and the longer web plate will require seven stiffeners. Normal forces The second reaction forces in the wing box to be taken into account are the normal forces in the upper and lower skin. The same approach is to be taken as in determining the number of stiffeners. First loads to be dealt with are determined, then the number of stringers is to be determined. The normal force at an arbitrary point of the wing box can be computed from the formula (Brugemann et all, 2010): In this formula M(x) is the internal moment at position x, y is the distance from the wing box neutral axis to position x and I is the moment of inertia of the wing box cross section. First the lower skin of the wing box will be considered. As stated previously, this plate is loaded in tension. A quick calculation will show the lower plate does not require any stringers. Assuming the load of 2500N is applied at the tip of the wing the moment at the wing root is 3,75 ÃÆ'- 106 Nmm. Given that the distance between the couple of forces in the lower skin and upper skin is 150mm, the tension and compression forces in the top and bottom skin are 25000N. To obtain the stress, force is divided by area (400mm width and 0,8 mm height) and a value of 78,125Mpa is found, some way under the yield strength of 345 MPa. However, to comply with requirement four, one stringer will be placed in the middle of the lower skin. To compute the allowable normal stress in the upper skin the assumption is made at this point that five stringers will be used in the upper skin. This results in a moment of inertia I of 6852580 mm4 for the wing box cross section and a distance y = 64,1mm. This assumption is to be checked later. Given the moment at the wing root, the distance y and the moment of inertia I the normal stress in the upper plate is à Ã†â€™CR = 35,08 MPa at most. Just as with the maximum shear force, wing sweep plays a role according to: Filling in the formula gives à Ã†â€™(30à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °) = 46,77 MPa. This is the stress from which onwards buckling is allowed. Now a look is to be taken at the number of stringers. It is assumed two spar webs will be equally spaced over 1330 mm, resulting in a spar web pitch of 443,33mm. Critical stress is determined for some numbers of stringers. This critical stress is given by (Brugemann et all, 2010): Given all this data the following table can be made: Number of Stringers Stringer Pitch [mm] a/b [-] Kc (5) [-] Kc (3) [-] à Ã†â€™ (5) [Mpa] à Ã†â€™ (3) [Mpa] 1 200 2,16665 4,2 5,65 4,86528 6,54496 2 133,3333333 3,249975 3,8 5,25 9,90432 13,6836 3 100 4,3333 3,65 5,1 16,91264 23,63136 4 80 5,416625 3,6 5 26,064 36,2 5 66,66666667 6,49995 3,6 5 37,53216 52,128 6 57,14285714 7,583275 3,6 5 51,08544 70,952 The table shows six stringers equally spaced over the width of the wing box will prevent the upper skin from buckling. To double check we compute the moment of inertia of a wing box with six stringers (6770446 mm4) and the value for y (61,9mm). Filling in these values in the formula gives a normal compressive stress of 45,7 MPa, a value smaller than the allowable stress. Concluding, six stringers will be used in the upper skin. Inter rivet buckling An important aspect to keep into consideration when testing is inter rivet buckling, as this phenomenon causes almost instant failure. Therefore the rivets should be able to cope with the internal loads of the wing box at 5000N. Since rivet buckling only occurs in a state of compression, only the upper sheet is considered. Failure will occur when our wing box cannot withstand the maximum stress. To calculate the maximum stress, formula 7 is used. Again the sweep must be taken into account, so using formula 8: This is the maximum stress the wing box has to handle. Looking at this value we know that the aluminium will not fail because the yield stress of aluminium is 345 MPa. So the wing box will fail at the rivets. If the wing box is designed to withstand a tip load of 5 kN, then the rivets have to withstand a stress of 91,43 MPa. Inter rivet distance and inter rivet buckling stress are related through (Brugemann et all, 2010): à Ã†â€™MAX = In this formula c gives the end-fixity coefficient, which has a value of 2,1 for the pop-rivets to be used. Parameter s gives the spacing between rivets and t is the skin thickness. Rewriting this formula for s gives So with a c = 2,1, t = 0,8mm, E = 72400 MPa and a = 130.1MPa the spacing between two rivets becomes 30,95 mm. However, assembly precision only goes as far a whole millimetres, so for the simplification of fabrication the inter rivet spacing is set at s = 30 mm. Final design Summarizing, key aspects of our wing box are as follows. Width and height of the box are 400mm and 150mm respectively. The longer side of the wing box measures 1500mm and the shorter side 1269mm, with the deficit in length being caused by a 30à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ° cutaway at one end. On the shorter web plate, five stringers will be spaced equally over a distance of 1099mm, spanning from 60mm out from the perpendicular edge to 110mm out from the edge connecting to the cutaway. On the longer web plate, seven stringers will be equally positioned over a distance of 1330mm, again spanning from 60mm out from the perpendicular edge to 110mm out from the edge connecting to the cutaway. Inside the wing box, two spar webs will be positioned at a distance of 503,3mm and 946,66mm from the perpendicular edge. Through these spar webs one additional stringer will run over the bottom sheet and six additional stringers will run over the upper sheet, each spaced equally over the full width of the wing box. Finally, construction will be done through riveting, with the rivets being spaced 30mm from each other. TECHNICAL DRAWING ARE FOUND IN APPENDIX B. Failure modes One of the most important things in this wing design is knowing how and when the box will fail. Of course there are different failure modes and all of them have to be taken in to account. An important note: fatigue is not considered yet. The most important failure modes are described below. All the modes are considered for the design. It is necessary to know with stresses are in the design and at which stresses the design will fail, in order to make a good design. Also sweep has been taking into account, as stated in the design. According to J. Loughlan (1996) it is important to know where the stiffeners are. If the stiffeners are placed beyond the optimum value, then they have no function. The stiffeners then simply add weight, without having a function. Loughlan also states that adding a four percent of weight for stiffeners, causes a box to yield a buckling capacity that is three times higher than the buckling capacity of an unstiffened box. Nagendra et al (1994)experienced that all panels, with our without holes, always fail at or near the stiffeners, at places with high bending gradients. Allow a skin to buckle has weight advantages with respect to the non-buckling designs (Lynch, 2004) Compression skin buckling of the top skin The upper skin is loaded in compression due to the bending moment. The bending moment differs with the distance to the wing tip. Thus if the bending moment is too high, buckling will occur. To prevent this, stiffeners and stringers are placed in the design. As stated the allowable skin stress at which buckling occurs is given by formula 9. Kc can differ for each part of the box. Six stringers are used on the top side, with a Kc-value of 3,6 at line number 5. This means that the top skin can cope with a 51,08 Mpa stress without buckling, while the calculated maximum stress that will occur is 45,7 MPa. Shear Buckling of the spar webs Another failure mode is shear buckling of the spar webs. This occurs at the parts that should reinforce the design, the spar webs. In other words, when those reinforcements fail, the whole structure will fail. The initial buckling stress is given in formula 6. Line number 2 is used, with Ks having a value of 10,6 for the longer web plate(7 stiffeners used). This gives a shear stress of 17,77 Mpa where the longer web plate can cope with. For the shorter web plate a Ks of 10,3 is used( 5 stiffeners). So the shorter web plate can cope with a stress of 14,225 MPa. Both calculated values are higher than the shear stress in the plates (13,89 MPa). Since the shear stress is constant in the all the whole web plates, in this case it is most likely to fail at the shorter web plate. Inter rivet buckling Inter rivet buckling occurs at a high compression stress. Its possible to calculate the stress at which it occurs as given by formula 10. Since the space between the rivets is unknown and can be varied, this probably will the most important failure mode. As stated before the maximum compression stress in the whole structure is 91,422 MPa. This gives a rivet spacing of 30,95 mm. To make sure inter rivet buckling does not occur, 30mm spacing is used. The failure stress will then be 97,3 MPa. So thats the value at which it fails. 97,3MPa/ (4/3) = 72,979 Mpa gives a tip force of 5321N at which inter rivet buckling will occur. Allowable tension stress in the lower skin The upper skin is not the only side that can fail, logically. Thus the lower skin has to be taken in to account as well. The lower skin is loaded in tension. The stress can be calculated using formula 7. The centroid lies, due to the stringers 13,1mm above the neutral axis. The point where the maximum stress will occur is closest to the root, since there the largest moment occurs. The maximum stress in the lower skin is then -(5000ÃÆ'-1500ÃÆ'-(74+13.1))/6770446 = 97,5968 MPa. Taking sweep into account this gives a value of (4/3)ÃÆ'-97,5968 = 130,1 MPa. This is way lower than the ultimate stress of aluminum (483 MPa). Clamping effects For the purpose of testing the wing box will be clamped at both sides as shown in figure 4. The wing box will be attacked to the test clamp structure through the use of bolts. This clamping has an effect on the overall loads experienced by the wing box structure (Yan, 1999) showing that the clamping the wing box helps the wing box experience lower loads. These clamping effects have been taken into account when considering maximum load calculations, through the form of change in KC. By selecting the appropriate KC for application, in this case a two side hinged and two side clamped, KC line 5 (Brà ¼gemann et al 2010, p28), clamping effects can be taken into account on the loads and further calculations, to accurately predict failure. Figure 4, showing a clamped wing box during testing Production plan Construction activities Weight estimates Knowing the weight estimate for an aircraft component is crucial in the design process since weight plays a crucial role in terms aircraft performance, mainly fuel consumption, range, endurance, load capacity and speed. A light but robust wing box is designed to withstand the maximum wing load. It is important that estimation of the weight of the wing box is accurate. According to design plans, the wing box consists of a total of 11 stringers, 12 stiffeners and 753 rivets. Since the wing box is shaped as a trapezoid, the stringers will have different lengths and therefore need to be calculated accordingly. Taking into account the geometrical property of a trapezoid, it can be deduced that the average length of the stringers can be found by summing the longest and shortest stringers and dividing it by two. Now knowing the shape of the stringer, we can estimate its weight by using the average length, width of 20mm and thickness 3mm(considering a à £Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ´ shaped stringers as a bar when folded). Since the stiffeners have same lengths, weight is relatively easy to calculate. To find the net gain/loss of the rivets and holes, we need to deduct the weight of sheet metal when drilled away for rivets and add the weight of rivets. And finally the weight of the sheet metal will be calculated. Cost estimates To have an accurate estimation of the wing box structure, three things need to be taken into account, how much aluminum was used in the metal plating, the price of stringers/stiffeners and how many rivets are used. Also, we need a small surplus of rivets in order to buffer the human error involved during the manufacturing procedure. In the wing box, 1,65m2 of aluminum sheet metal is needed, however, the metal sheet needs to be big enough so that the 2D design of wing box can be cut out. Therefore the appropriate sheet metal has the dimension of 2,5m X 1,25m and costs 53,19 euros (Metals4U). In the construction of a wing box, a total of 17029,5mm of stringer/stiffener was used. The price of 5000mm of stringer/stiffener is 12,57 euros (Metals4U). Because it is not possible to purchase less than 5000 mm of stringer/stiffener, four 5000mm stringer/stiffener needs to be purchased. This will in total cost 50,26 euros. 753 rivets are needed for the wing box. Because it is only possible to purchase rivets in bulk, 800 rivets will be bought for both practical reasons and as a buffer. One hundred 3mm diameter rivets cost 4,43 euros per 100 rivets (Rivets Aluminium 4.0 x 10 5985). For 800 rivets, the cost will be 35,44 euros. Excluding manual labor wages for the students, the total cost for manufacturing the groups wing box is 138,89 euros. Conclusion This report has discussed the design of a wing box. The objective of this report was to design a wing box that is able to withstand a tip load of 2,5kN without buckling, a tip load of 5,0kN without failure (buckling is allowed), with at least one intermediate stringer attached to the lower skin. The design has to be optimized with respect to weight and producibility. From our calculations it was concluded that the final wing box will have 6 stringers, 5 stiffeners on the short web plate, 7 stiffeners on the longer web plate and 2 spar webs. The construction will be done through riveting, with a rivet spacing of 30mm all equidistant in order to meet criteria. By calculating the weight of each individual part and adding them up altogether, the weight of the wing box could be calculated. The weight estimation showed a total weight of 5,98 kg. In a similar way, the cost estimation was done, showing a total cost of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 138,89 A production plan has been produced describing the list of activities to be performed by a team of 11 people. Bibliography Brugemann et all, V. (2010). AE1200 Project Manual Design and Construction. Delft. Loughlan, J. (1996, May). The buckling of composite stiffened box sections subjected to compression and bending. Elsevier, 35(1), 101-116. Lynch, C. (2004, October). The computational post buckling analysis of fuselage stiffened panels loaded in compression. Elsevier, 42(10), 1446-1464. Nagendra. (1994). Buckling and failure characteristics of compression-loaded stiffened composite panels with a hole. Elsevier, 28(1), 1-17. Wright, J., Cooper, J. (2007). Introduction to Aircraft Aeroelasticity and loads. John Wiley and Sons. List of figures Figure 4 Van den Bos, 2010, Tips and tricks for modelling a wing box

English – Japanese Dictionary

www. GetPedia. com *More than 150,000 articles in the search database *Learn how almost everything works English? japanese (dictionnaire) English? japanese Dictionary editions eBooksFrance www. ebooksfrance. com English? japanese Dictionary 1 English? japanese (dictionnaire) Adapted from : http://www. freedict. com/dictionary/index. html English? japanese Dictionary 2 English? japanese (dictionnaire) English? japanese Dictionary 3 English? japanese (dictionnaire) a : ato A? bomb : genshibakudan A? ombed : hibaku A? D converter : e? di? konba? ta? A? grade : koushu A B : kouotsu a (helping) hand : ippi a (photo)copy : kopi? a basin : hachi a bath : hitofuro a battle : issen a beat : ichijun a belle : komachi a bent back : nekoze a big deal : taishita a big haul : ichimoudajin a billionth of a second : nanosekando a biography : ichidaiki a birthstone : tanjouseki a bit : chitto, ichibuichirin, ichigou, chito a bite : hitokuchi English? japanese Dictionary 4 English? japanese (dictionna ire) blast : hitofuki a block signal : burokkusain a blot : naore a blow : ichida, hitoawa, ichigeki, hitouchi a boat : ichii, ichiyou a body : ichidan a bond : issatsu a book : issho a bother : sewayaki a bout : ikkai, issen, ichiban a bout (in sports : torikumi, torikumi a bow (salute : ichirei a bowl : hachi a bowl (of rice) : ichizen a bowl of rice : ippan a boy : ichinan a brace : hitotsugai a brake : bure? ki a branch (of flowers) : ichida a breath : hitoiki a breather : ikitsugi English? japanese Dictionary 5 English? japanese (dictionnaire) breathing spell : ikitsugi a broadside : isseishageki a Buddha : hotokesama a bunch : hitomatome, ichiwa, hitokurume a bundle : issoku, hitokakae, hitokurume, ichiwa, hitotaba a burst of anger : hitoare a capella : akapera a careless person : occhokochoi a casting net : toami a catch : mizuage a cause : ichiin a cavity : utsuro a center : senta? a century : isseiki a certain : shikaru a certain book : ippon a certain†¦ : aru a chain : ichiren a change : idou a channel : channeru a character : ichijinbutsu, ichiji English? japanese Dictionary 6 English? japanese (dictionnaire) charge : ippatsu a charm : majinai a check : osae, chekku a child : isshi a child's dice game : sugoroku a cinch to do : asameshimae a clean sweep : issou a close : shuumatsu a clue : tancho a cluster : ichida a co? operative : kyoudoukumiai a comic story (telling) : rakugo a command : ichimei a commercial : koma? sharu a communist : kyousanshugisha a company : ittai a complainant : sonin a complete set : isshiki a compound : gouseibutsu a consent : ichidaku a cooperative : seikatsukyoudoukumiai English? japanese Dictionary 7 English? japanese (dictionnaire) copse : hitomura a copy (of a photo) : ichiyou a corner : ichiguu, hitosumi a corpus luteum : outai a council : sanjikai, hyougiin a council (abbr) : hyou a couple : hitotsugai, kappuru a crease : oreme a crease (i. e. in trousers) : orime a criminal : kyoujoumochi a cross : juumonji a crowd : hitomure, hitomura, ichigun a crown : hachi a cry : hitokoe a cup of : ippai a current (of water) : issui a curse : noroi a cylinder : kitou a daimyo's main Tokyo mansion : kamiyashiki a dance : hitosashi a day's journey : ichinichiji English? japanese Dictionary 8 English? apanese (dictionnaire) a day or two : ichiryoujitsu a degenerate : henshitsusha a degree : icchuu a denomination : isshuu a design : zuan a determined purpose : ichinen a difference : rakusa a dimple : ekubo a direct unforked road : ipponmichi a disadvantage (defect : isshitsu a disgrace : naore a dish (of food) : hitosara a district : ikku a diviner : urayasan a document : issatsu a dose : ippuku a draft : hitokuchi a draw (in competition) : hikiwake a draw curtain : hikimaku a dream : ichimu a drink : inryou, ippai English? japanese Dictionary 9 English? japanese (dictionnaire) drop : issui, shitatari, itteki a drop (of water) : hitoshizuku a drop in activity : tenuki a drudge : gariben a drying agent : kansouzai a fall in price : nesagari a family : ichizoku, ikka, ikke a family get? together : ikkadanran a favourite book : aidokusho a feast : isseki a feint : feinto a fellow : yakara a few : ikutsuka a few days ago : sakinohi, senjitsu a few lines : ippitsu, hitofude a few words : ichigenhanku, ichigonhanku a few years ago : sakizaki, sennen a filler (i. e. time : tsunagi a find : horidashimono, moukemono a finger : isshi a flash : issen English? apanese Dictionary 10 English? japanese (dictionnaire) a fleeting thing : ichimu a flock : ichigun, hitomure a flower : hitohana a flowerpot : hachi a focus : pinto a fold : oreme, orime a Formosan : taiwanjin a fort : ichirui a fragment : ikko a frame : fure? mu a gain : hitokasegi a gamble : kake a game : ichiban, issen, ikkai a gang : ittai, ichidan a general : isshou a generation : ichidai, issei, isse, issei a glance : ichimoku, ichibetsu, ichiran a glimpse : ikken a gold quarter ryoo : ichibukin a good citizen : maningen a good d eal : daibu English? apanese Dictionary 11 English? japanese (dictionnaire) a good time to quit : hikidoki a gouge : marunomi a grain : hitotsubu a grasp : hitotsukami a grind : gariben a group : hitokatamari, ichidan, ichigun, hitomure a guiding principle : ippon'yari a gunner : houshu a gust of wind : ichijin a guy who never gets the women : onnifujiyuu a habit (often a bad habit : kuse a hair : ippatsu a hair's breadth : ippatsu a half : ippan a half? ear : ikki a handful : hitotsukami A Happy New Year! : gashou a harvest : saku a head (of cattle) : ittou a head (of water) : rakusa a help : tedasuke, ichijo English? japanese Dictionary 12 English? japanese (dictionnaire) a herd : hitomure, hitomura, ichigun a hit : meichuu, ichigeki a hollow : utsuro a home : ikka, ikke a horse load : ichida a hot? empered person : ikkokumono a house : ikka, ikke, ikken a household : ichizoku, ikka, ikke, ikko a huge woman : ooonna a hundred : issoku, hitotaba a Japanese (an old word for) : wajin a Japanese rake : gendzume a job : hitokasegi a joint : tsunagime, hitofushi a kick : hitokeri, isshuu a kidnapper : yuukaihannin a kind : tagui, isshu a la carte : arakaruto a la mode : aramo? do a lap : isshuu a large serving : oomori English? japanese Dictionary 13 English? japanese (dictionnaire) a laugh : isshou a law : ritsuryou, okite a leaf : ichiyou a lean on one's ortgage : teitouken a letter : ichiji, karinotsukai, issho, karinofumi a level and inked string : junjou a life : ichimei a lifetime : issei, issei, isse, isshou, isshougai a light : akari a limb) : shibireru a line : ittou, ichigyou, hitosuki, issen, hitosuji a line (of mountains : tentei, tentetsu a lineage : ittou a link : tsunagime, ikkan a little : tashou, wazuka, usuusu, yaya, sukunai, nandaka a little (see chotto) : chokkura a little covetousness : shouyoku a little less than : tarazu a little more : imasukoshi a little short : sundzumari a little too short : suntarazu English? japanese Dictionary 14 English? japanese (dictionnaire) a load : ikka a log bridge : ipponbashi a long? jointed bamboo : madake a long march : chouku a look : manazashi, ichibetsu, ichiran, ikken, ichimoku a loop : ru? pu a lot : daibu, renchuu, ikkaku, zutto, takusan, hitokurume a lump : ichigan, hitokatamari a lunge : tsuki A major : ichouchou a man of some importance : ichijinbutsu a mannerism : mannerizumu a mark : megurushi a married man : saitaisha a match : torikumi, torikumi a matter : ikken, ichijou a meal : ippan a meaning : ichigi a measure : shaku a meddlesome person : sewayaki a meditative pose : omoiire English? apanese Dictionary 15 English? japanese (dictionnaire) a meeting : yoriai a member : ichiin a merit : ittoku a method : itte a miniature : hinagata A minor : itanchou a minute : ikkoku, ippun a moan : umeki a model : gihyou a moment : issetsuna, ikkoku, isshun, isshunkan, sunbyou a moment ago : imagata a moment before : imahodo a monologue : hitorigoto a month or older : tsukiokure a mood : ippin'isshou a motion : dougi, mo? shon a mountain : issan, hitoyama a move (in game) : itte a mummy : miira a murder : koroshi, tasatsu a must? see : hikken English? japanese Dictionary 16 English? japanese (dictionnaire) must to buy : kawandearu a nap : hitoneiri, hitonemuri, issui a narrow strait : ichiitaisui a narwhal : ikkaku a negative : inga a new era : ichishinkingen a new method : ichikijiku a new month starts : tsukigawari a nook : hitosumi a novel : ninjoubon a number of days : hikazu, nissuu a one? act play : hitomakumono a one? knife carving : ittoubori a one? plate meal : ichijuuissai a one? stroke sketch : hitofudegaki a one? track mind : ippongi a one man show : hitorishibai a page : ichiyou a pair : hitotsugai a pair (footwear) : issoku a pair (of chopsticks) : ichizen English? japanese Dictionary 17 English? japanese (dictionnaire) pair (of screens) : issou a palanquin set with jewels : tamanokoshi a pardon : onsha a part : ippan, ittan, ichibubun, ichiyoku a part to play : hitoyaku a particular : shikaru a partnership : kyoudoukumiai a party : ittou, ittai, konpa, ichidan, ippa a party (of people) : yakara a pass : tsuki a passage in a discourse : hitokusari a passing acquaintance : ichimenshiki a patient : kanja a pause : hitoiki, ichidanraku, hitokiri a penny store : ichimon'akinai a period : hitokiri a period (in astronomy) : isshuuki a permit : kyokasho a person : ichiin a person given as a reference : sankounin a person made homeless by fire : ichiyakojiki English? japanese Dictionary 18 English? japanese (dictionnaire) a person who decides : kimete a personal view : ikkagen a phrase (verse : ikku a piece : ikko, ikko, ippen a piece of rope : hitosujinawa a pile : hitomori a pile (of something) : issan a pinch : pinchi a pinch (of something) : hitotsumami a pity : kinodoku, okinodoku a plain : kouya a plan : issaku, ichian, ikkei, mokuromi a plate : hitosara a plot : ichimotsu a poem : isshu a point : icchuu a poke : ichigeki a pool : mizutamari a posteriori : koutenteki, aposuteriori a pot : hachi a power (math) : bekijou, beki English? japanese Dictionary 19 English? japanese (dictionnaire) prim person : sumashiya a principle : ichiri, ichigi a priori : sententeki, apuriori a private individual : ichishijin, isshijin a private opinion : ikkagen a private person : ichikojin a program : mokuromi a project : mokuromi a puddle : mizutamari a puff : ippuku a purchase : kaitori a pursuer : otte a pursuing party : otte a quality : bingoomote a quarter : ikki, ippou a quick lunch : ichizenmeshiya a quick temper : seikyuu a quick wit : kiten a quiet (natural) setting : yuushu a quire (of paper) : ichijou a quotation : in'youbun, ichijou English? japanese Dictionary 20 English? japanese (dictionnaire) a ray (of hope) : ichidou a reactionary : handouka a ream (of paper) : ichiren a reason : ichigi, ichiri a region : ittai a rejection : isshuu, hitokeri a replacement : kawari a rest : hitoyasumi a retaken photograph : torinaoshi a retort : isshi a revolution : isshuu a riot : ikki a roar : ikkatsu a round : ichijun, ippatsu, hitomeguri, ikkai, hitomawari a row : ichiretsu, ichigyou a rowdy : akutare a rule : shaku a run : hitoppashiri, hitohashiri a run? batted? in hit (baseball) : taimuri? itto a sale (transaction) : kaitori a salver : ichijou English? japanese Dictionary 21 English? japanese (dictionnaire) a scale : shaku a scene : hitokoma a scene of carnage (bloodshed) : shuurajou a scheme : mokuromi a school : ippa a scoop : tokudane a screen : tsuitate a scroll : ippuku a seal affixed to a document : shouin a sealed document : ippuu a sealed letter : ippuu a second : sekando a secret : naishougoto a sect : ippa, isshuu a semimonthly : hangekkan a senior : jouchou, nenchousha a sense of humor : yu? moanokankaku a sentence : ichibun a series : ichiren a serious affair : ichidaiji a set : hitosoroe, hitosoroi English? japanese Dictionary 22 English? japanese (dictionnaire) a set (of people) : yakara a set of boxes : hitokasane a sexual orgy (X) : rankoupa? ti? a sharp (music) : ei a shed : uwaya a shock : hitoawa a shop : ten, shoppu a short period : icchou a short sleep : hitonemuri, issui a short story : issekiwa a short time : ichinichihenji, chotto a shout : hitokoe a sigh : tameiki a silver quarter ryoo : ichibugin a simple meal : ichijuuissai a single? family lineage : ikkei a single crop : ichimousaku a single letter : itteiji a single person : hitorimono a single seater : ichininnori a single standard : ippondate English? japanese Dictionary 23 English? japanese (dictionnaire) single stroke : ittou a single word : hitokoto, ichigen a sip : hitokuchi a sitting : isseki a slap in the face : binta a sleep : hitonemuri a slice : ippen, hitokire a slight : naigashiro a slight effort : ikkyoshuittousoku a slump : nakadarumi a slut : darashinai a small sum : isshihansen a smattering : namakajiri, katakoto a smile : iss hou a smile or a frown : ippin'isshou a smoke : ippuku a social : konpa a soliloquy : hitorigoto a solitary cryptomeria tree : ipponsugi a solo : dokusou a span : ichiyubiatari English? japanese Dictionary 24 English? japanese (dictionnaire) a species : isshu a specific medicine : tokkouyaku a speech : isseki a spin : hitoppashiri, hitohashiri a spot (glimpse : ippan a spy : kanchou, kanja a squad : ittai a squall : hitoare a stab : sashikizu, tsuki a stammer : domori a stamp : inshi a statute : ritsuryou a step : hitoashi, ho, ippo, hitokiri a step forward : ippozenshin a stop : kugiri a stopgap measure : tsunagi a straight road : hitosujimichi a streak : ichijou a stride : ho a string : isshi a stroke : ichida, hitouchi English? japanese Dictionary 25 English? japanese (dictionnaire) stroke of the pen : hitofude a stuffed animal : hakusei a stutter : domori a suit : hitokasane, hitosoroe, hitosoroi a suitor : sonin a sum of money : nari a summary : ichiran a sword (blade) : ittou a talk : danwa a task : hitoshigoto a tea cloth : chakin a term : ikki a thing : ichimotsu, ichibutsu a thought : ikkou a thread (of connection) : ichimyaku a thrust : tsuki a time : ikkai, ichiji a tinge : ichimi a tool : kenzan a top : koma a topknot (hair style) : chonmage English? japanese Dictionary 26 English? japanese (dictionnaire) a touch : ichimi a touch of : ichimatsu a tray : ichijou a trifle : ichigou a trivial matter (id) : asameshimae a troupe : ichiza, ichidan a trust : kigyougoudou a tune : hitofushi a tune (melody : ikkyoku a turn : hitomawari, itten, hitomeguri a turn (i. e. at bat) : kawari a turning point : ichitenki, ittenki a twin : futago a variety : isshu a vein : ichimyaku a verse (e. g. n the Bible) : issetsu a very little bit : choppiri a very shy person : hanikamiya, tereya a virtue : ittoku a voice : hitokoe a vote : ippyou English? japanese Dictionary 27 English? japanese (dictionnaire) a wake : tsuya a ward : ikku a waste basket : kuzukago a wastepape r basket : kuzukago a watch stand : bandai a watcher's seat : bandai a way : itto a weak point (to aim at) : tsukeme a wee bit : choppiri a week : isshuu a weight : osae a wheel : ichirin a while : chotto a whirl of hair on the head : tsumuji a whole day and night : icchuuya a word : ichigon, ichigonhanku, hitokoto, ichigenhanku a word (opinion : ichigi a word of great value : ichijisenkin a word or two : hitokotofutakoto a work : saku a written statement : koujougaki English? apanese Dictionary 28 English? japanese (dictionnaire) a year or two : ichiryounen a zone : ittai A. D. : kigen A. M. : gozen AA size (battery) : tansangata Aah! : yare aardvark (Orycteropus) : tsuchibuta abacus : soroban abalone : awabi abandon : haiki, mikiri abandoned (stray) cat : suteneko abandoned child : kiji, sutego, sutego abandoned mine : haikou abandoning : kikyaku abandoning (hope : dannen abandonment : kien, jibou, jiki, iki, houki, iki abandonment (rights : ifu abasement : shittsui abatement : ge ngaku, genka, keigen, shikkou abatis : sakamogi abattoir : tosatsujou, chikusatsuba English? japanese Dictionary 29 English? japanese (dictionnaire) bbe : shinpu abbey : daishuudouin, shuudouin abbot : daishuudouinchou, shuudouinchou, shuuinchou abbr : rassharu abbreviated form : tanshukukei abbreviation : ryakuji, shouhitsu, ryakushou, ryakugo, ryaku ABC : kouotsuhei ABC's of.. : shoho abcess : dekimono abdication : taii abdomen : shitabara, fukubu, shitappara, shitahara, kafuku abdominal? support belt : chikaraobi abdominal chills : hiebara abdominal swelling : shimobukure abducted : sarawareta abduction : kouin, yuukai, rachisuru, yuukaihan Abelian group (math) : kakangun ABEND (ABnormal END) : ijoushuuryou aberration : shuusa abet : sendou abetting : sendou English? japanese Dictionary 30 English? japanese (dictionnaire) bhor : daikirai ability : udemae, shuwan, giryou, ginou, seinou, saiwan ability to wake up : neoki Abilympics : abirinpikku abject : hikutsu abjuration : sensei ablation : setsujo ablation shield (rocket) : yuujo ablative (gram) : dakkaku ablative shield (rocket) : youhatsu able : yuui able? bodied (an) : ganken able man : hatarakide, dekimono, dekibutsu able men left out of office : iken able official : nouri able person : hatarakite ABM : dandoudangeigekimisairu abnegation : kin'yoku abnormal : hentaiteki, namihazure, abuno? maru abnormal (an) : byouteki abnormal mentality : hentaishinri English? japanese Dictionary 31 English? japanese (dictionnaire) bnormal psychology : hentaishinrigaku abnormal sexuality : hentaiseiyoku abnormal underarm odor : wakiga abnormality : kikei, hentai, ijou, hentai, ijou aboard a warship : kanjou abode of demons : fukumaden abolish : daha abolition : haishi abolition and amalgamation : haigou abolitionist : zenpaironsha abominable : imawashii, nikui abominable snowman : yukiotoko, yajin aboriginal : banjin, genjuumin aboriginal (a? no) : dochaku aborigine : aborijini? aborigines : genmin, dojin, senjuuminzo ku aborigines village : bansha abort : abo? to aborticide : datai abortion : jinkouryuuzan, chuuzetsu, datai, ryuuzan abortionist : dataii English? japanese Dictionary 32 English? japanese (dictionnaire) bortive (attempt : fuseikou abortive birth : ryuuzan abortive scheme : torou about : sokosoko, yaku, ooyoso, tsuite, abauto, oyoso, kei about? face : mawaremigi, ippen about (suf : goro about 10 p. m. : itsuya, otsuya about an hour : hantoki about medium : chuukurai, chuugurai about noon : hirugoro about the middle : nakagoro about the middle (of an era) : chuuyou about this time : imajibun, imagoro about to start out : degake about what time : itsujibun about when : itsugoro above : ue, zenki, chokujou above? mentioned : zenjutsu, zenki above? named (a? no) : zenkei above all : kotoni, nakandzuku, wakete, toriwake above average : shunbatsu English? japanese Dictionary 33 English? japanese (dictionnaire) bove ground : chijou above mentioned : joujutsu above mentioned (a? no) : jouki above the average : namihazure above the ceiling : tenjouura above the clouds : unjou Abraham : aburahamu abrasion : mamou, mametsu, surikizu, sakkashou abreast : heiretsu, heikou abridged translation : shouyaku abridgment : shouryaku abroad : zaigai, kaigai abrupt : niwaka, fui abrupt (an) : sotsuji, toutotsu abrupt (awkward) question : tsukanukoto abruptly : totsuzen, gazen, ikinari, hyouzen abscess : nouyou abscissa : yokojiku, ouzahyou, ousen abscondence : shissou, shisseki, shuppon, chikuden absconder : shupponsha absconding with money : kaitai English? japanese Dictionary 34 English? japanese (dictionnaire) bseilen (G) : apuzairen absence : rusu, fuzai, kesseki, fusan absence (from work) : kekkin absence from home : tagyou absence from school : kekka absent? minded : bon'yari absent? minded person : awatemono absent? mindedly : bouzen absent? mindedness : soushin, uwanosora absentee landlord : fuzaijinushi absentee voting : fuzaitouhyou absentmindedness : houshin absinthe : a busan absolute (an) : zettai absolute reality : shinnyo absolute safety : juuzen absolute secrecy : gokuhi absolute value : zettaichi absolute zero (temp. ) : reido absolutely : danjite, makotoni, danzen, tadatada absolutely every little bit : katappashikara English? japanese Dictionary 35 English? japanese (dictionnaire) absolutely not : tonda absoluteness : zettai absolutism : abusorixyu? tizumu absolutism (phil. : zettairon absorbent cotton : dasshimen absorption : sanmai, douka, sesshu, kyuuin, senshin, kyuushuu absorption (in something) : kyuukyuu abstain from voting : kiken abstention : fukanshou, fusanka abstinence : imi, kinshu, setsuyoku, kin'yoku abstinence syndrome : kindanshoujou abstract : chuushouteki, chuushutsu, mukei abstract (an) : chuushou abstract (of a paper) : abusutorakuto abstract art : chuushoubijutsu abstract number : fumeisuu abstraction : shashou, abusutorakushon abstruseness : inbi absurd : bakabakashii, okogamashii, mucha, tawainai, meppou absurd fear : kiyuu absurdity : okonosata, koutoumukei, fujouri, fudouri English? japanese Dictionary 36 English? japanese (dictionnaire) bsurdly : muyamini abundance : juuitsu, gyousan abundance (an) : yokei, houfu abundant : fundan abundant (an) : yutaka abundant harvest : housaku, houjuku abundantly : obitadashii abuse : goyou, reiba, ran'you, batou, hibou, akuhei, akkou abusive : kuchisaganai, kuchigitanai abusive language : bougen, nikumareguchi, dokuzetsu, akutai abusive remarks : bouhyou, mouhyou abutment : kadai abyss : shin'en, fuchi acacia : akashia academia : akademi? academic : akademikku academic background : gakureki academic centre : gakufu academic gossip : kijounokuuron academic meeting : gakkai academic or scientific world : gakkai English? japanese Dictionary 37 English? japanese (dictionnaire) academician : akademishan academicism : akademishizumu academism : akademizumu academy : akademi? , kanrin'in, gakuin, gakuen Acala : fudoumyouou Acalanatha Vidya? aja : fudoumyouou acc elerando : achererando accelerant : sokushinzai accelerated motion : kasokuundou acceleration : sokushin, koushin, ruika, kasoku, kasokudo accelerator : akuserere? ta? accelerator (abbr) : akuseru accent : gochou, kyouon, akusento, yokuyou accent (of one's speech) : namari accept : akuseputo acceptance : shouin, shinnin, ukeire, judaku, juri, shouchi acceptance (of truths) : shinju accepting a challenge : ousen accepting bribes : shuuwai accepting orders : juchuu access : akusesu English? japanese Dictionary 38 English? japanese (dictionnaire) access time : akusesutaimu access to courts : shusso accessing : akusesshingu accession : shoukei, keishou accessoiriste : akusesowarisuto accessories : buhin, komono accessory : tsukimono, tsukatari, futai, akusesari? fuzokuhin accessory case : komonoire accessory offense : futaihan accident : henji, jiko, saika, yakusai, kashitsu, saiyaku accident insurance : shougaihoken accidental : fuki, guuhatsu, furyo, fusoku, guuhatsuteki accidental de ath : henshi accidental fire : shikka accidental gun discharge : bouhatsu accidental resemblance : sorani, taninnosorani accidentally : hyotto, tamatama, futo accidents in line of duty : koumusaigai acclamation : kassai, kanko acclimate : junka accommodation : shuuyounouryoku, bengi, wakai, yuudzuu, tekiou English? japanese Dictionary 39 English? japanese (dictionnaire) accommodations : shuuyousetsubi accommodator : akomode? ta? ccomodation : shuuyou accompaniment : bansoubu, tsukimono, ainote, hayashi, aikata accompaniment (musical) : bansou accompany : douhan accompanying : tomo, doukou, gubu, doudou accomplice : katansha, dourui, kyouhansha, kyoubousha, ai, guru accomplices : ichirui accomplish : mattou accomplished : bakuga accomplished lady : keishuu accomplished villain : kyouyuu accomplishment : kantetsu, kansui, suikou accomplishments : gigei, geinou, gigei accord : ako? do, kyoushin according to : yoreba, yoruto according to circumstances : rinkiouhen accordingly : yotte, s okode accordion : ako? dion, tefuukin accordion door : ako? diondoa English? japanese Dictionary 40 English? japanese (dictionnaire) accordion pleats : ako? dionpuri? tsu account : kaikei, kiji, tsukedashi, akaunto account (e. g. bank) : kouza account book : choumen, choubo, daichou account of a (sports) game : kansenki accountability : akauntabiriti? ccountancy : kaikeigaku accountant : shukei, kanjougakari, kaikeikan, kaikei accountant (certified public) : kaikeishi accounting : keiri, akauntingu accounts payable : kaikakekin accounts receivable : urikakekin, mishuunyuukin accounts) : kuchisuu, kuchikazu accoutrements : busougu accrued : mishuu accrued expenses : miharaihiyou accumulate : chikuseki accumulation : shuuseki, chikuseki, shuushuu, ruiseki accumulator : akyu? mure? ta, akyumure? ta? , akyumure? ta accuracy : seido accurate : kuwashii, tekikaku, chimitsu English? japanese Dictionary 41 English? japanese (dictionnaire) accurate (an) : seikaku accurately : seiseito, seise i, kichinto accursed (a? o) : bachiatari accusation : kokuso, kouso, dangai accusative case (gram) : taikaku accused : hikokunin accuser : genkoku ace : e? su ace (tennis) : sa? bisue? su acetate : asete? to acetic acid : sakusan acetone : aseton acetylcholine : asechirukorin acetylene : asechiren ache : itami, itami achievement : kougyou, jiseki, tegara, gyouseki, tassei achievement test : achi? bumentotesuto, achi? bu achievements : jisseki, kouseki achiever of Nirvana : rakan Achilles tendon : akiresuken achoo! : hakushon English? japanese Dictionary 42 English? japanese (dictionnaire) achromatic : mushoku achromatic lens : akuromachikkurenzu achromatism : irokeshi acid : sui, suppai, san acid poisoning : sanchuudoku acidity : sando, sansei, sanmi acidosis : ashido? hisu acknowledge : shinnin, juryou acknowledge (ACK) : kouteioutou acknowledgement : shounin, ninchi, ryoushou, ryouto, kokuhaku acknowledgment : reijou, nintei acknowledgment (self? ) : jinin acme : kiwami acne : fuk idemono, nikibi acolyte : jisou, jisai acorn : donguri acoustic : ako? sutikku, aku? sutikku acoustic guitar : ako? sutikkugita? acoustic sound : ako? sutikkusaundo acoustic(s) : onkyou acquaintance : kaonajimi, chikadzu, gozonji, shiriai, soushiki English? japanese Dictionary 43 English? japanese (dictionnaire) acquiesce : mokujuu acquiescence : shoudaku acquisition : kakutoku, shutoku, shuutoku acquittal : shakuhou, menzai, houmen, menso acre : e? ka? creage : tanbetsu acrimonious : shinratsu acrobat : akurobatto, kyokugeishi acrobatic : akurobachikku acrobatic feats : kyokugi acrobatics : kyokugei, karuwaza acronym : ryakugo acrophobia : koushokyoufushou acropolis : akuroporisu acrylic : akuriru acrylic acid : akurirusan acrylonitrile : akurironitoriru act : koui, shiwaza, waza, okonai, shoi, okonai, sakui act (in play) : tobari Act (law: the X Act) : hou act for another : daiben English? japanese Dictionary 44 English? japanese (dictionnaire) act of barbarity : bankou act of God : fukakouryoku act of grace : onten act of mercy : hitodasuke act of violence : boukou act on mutual agreement : shouchidzuku Act properly! : iikagennishinasai acting : shigusa, engi acting as agent : daikou acting as go? etween : kuchiire acting blindly : moudou, boudou acting chairman : karigichou acting consul : dairiryouji acting director : jimutoriatsukai acting impolitely : shikkei acting in concert : koou acting official : dainin acting president : karigichou acting smart : kuchihabattai actinic rays : kagakusen Actinidia polygama : matatabi English? japanese Dictionary 45 English? japanese (dictionnaire) actinium (Ac) : akuchiniumu action : shigusa, akushon, dousa, okonai, okonai, shiuchi action bar : akushonba? action before words : fugenjikkou action committee : jikkouiin action drama : akushondorama action integral (physics) : sayousekibun action picture : katsugeki action program : akushonpuroguramu action star : akushonsuta? action) (a? o) : fuseikou actions : fugyou a ctivated charcoal : kasseitan activation : akutibe? shon active : noudouteki, kappatsu, akutibu, noudou, kassei active (an) : akutivu active defense : akuchibudifensu active duty : gen'eki active homing : akutibuho? mingu active immunity : noudoumen'eki active member : seiin English? japanese Dictionary 46 English? japanese (dictionnaire) active service : gen'eki active solar house : akutibuso? ra? hausu active sportswear : akutibusupo? tsuuea active voice : noudoutai active volcano : kakkazan activist : katsudousha, undouka activity : akutibiti, kakkyou, honsou, binsoku, hiyaku, ugoki actor : shu, yuu, dan'yuu, rei, haiyuu, akuta? hai, shou actor in a love scene : nimaime actress : haiyuu, joyuu, yakusha, akutoresu Acts of the Apostles : shitogyouden actual : akuchuaru actual circumstances : jitsujou actual condition : jissai actual demand : jitsuju actual expense : jippi actual measurements : jissoku actual place : genchi actual proof : jisshou actual results : jisseki actual size : gensun, gensundai English? japanese Dictionary 47 English? japanese (dictionnaire) actual spot : genba actual time : akuchuarutaimu actual work : shuurou, kadou actual work hours : jitsudoujikan actuality : akuchuariti? actually : genni, shinni acupuncture : hari, shinji, shinjutsu acupuncture and moxibustion : shinkyuu acute : sen'ei, setsu, setsujitsu, tsuusetsu acute (e. g. illness) : kyuusei acute angle : eikaku acutely : hishihishi acuteness : seppaku ad : ado ad? balloon : adobaru? n ad? hocracy : adohokurashi? ad campaign : adokyanpe? AD converter : anarogudejitaruhenkanki ad hoc : adohokku ad impact : adoinpakuto ad lib : adoribu English? japanese Dictionary 48 English? japanese (dictionnaire) ad man : adoman adagio : ada? jo Adam : adamu adamantine : kongou adaptability : yuudzuu, entenkatsudatsu, hentsuu adaptable : tekigou adaptation : sokuou, douka, junnou, tekiou, engi adaptation (of story : hon'an adaptation (of story) : kaisaku adapter : adaputa? , adaputa adaptive : adaputivu add : kasan add? on : adoon add? on module : adoonmoju? ru add? on telephone : adoondenwa add (something) : tsukekuwae add to : fukai add up : sekisan add water : kasui adder (spoken) : tashizanki adder (written) : kasanki English? japanese Dictionary 49 English? japanese (dictionnaire) ddiction : jouyouheki adding : konnyuu adding extra ingredients (med) : kayaku adding more tea : kuchija adding to one's years : karei adding to the top : uwamori adding up : yosezan, gassan adding years : kanen addition : kazou, kuwaezan, kasan, tsukatari, yosezan, ka addition agent : tenkazai addition and subtraction : kagen addition to a building : zouchiku additional fees : tsuikaryoukin additional gain : yoroku additional income : fukushuunyuu additional post : kenkin, kenkan, kenmu additional printing : juuhan, zousatsu additional profits : yotoku additional ration : kahai additional rules : fusoku additional tax : fukazei English? japanese Dictionary 50 English? japanese (dictionn aire) dditional volume : bessatsu additionally : jizengo additive : tenkabutsu address : uwagaki, atena, ikisaki, juukyo, atesaki, kouen address (e. g. of house) : juusho address (on letter) : katagaki address (present) : genjuusho address book : juushoroku address to students : kunji addressed to (suf) : ate addressing : adoresshingu adductor muscle : kaibashira Adelaide : adere? do adenoid : adenoido, sen'you adenoids : hanatake, bijou Adenovirus : adenouirusu adept : sasuga adequacy : tekitou, gaisetsu adequate : tekisetsu adherence : koshuu, koshitsu adherence (to custom : bokushu English? japanese Dictionary 51 English? japanese (dictionnaire) dherence to : koudei adherence to the shogunate : sabaku adherent : teishi, shinto, aryuu, kyouto, shinja, shinpousha adhesion : gyouchakuryoku, shuujaku, yuchaku, kouchaku adhesive : secchakuzai adhesive mechanical tint : sukuri? nto? n adhesive plaster : bansoukou adhesive power : nenchakuryoku adiabatic (an) : dannetsuteki Adidas (bran d name) : adidasu adjacent : kinsetsu, rinsetsu adjacent seas : kinkai adjacent units : rinsetsubutai adjectival noun : keiyoudoushi adjoin : rinsetsu, kinsetsu adjournment : teikai, kyuukai, sankai, enki adjudication : handan adjunct) words : fuzokugo adjust : ajasuto adjustment : denaoshi, chousei, seibi, shuusei, anbai, seigou adjutant : fukukan, fukkan English? japanese Dictionary 52 English? japanese (dictionnaire) dmeasure : sairyou admin : adomin administer : atsu administration : keisei, kirimori, un'ei, seifu, shisei, keiei Administration : gyouseifu administration : gyousei administration bureau : kanrikyoku administration of justice : shihou, shouri administrative official : jimukan, gyouseikan administrative reform : gyouseikaikaku administrative reform (abbr) : gyoukaku admirable : yukashii, appare admirable (an) : shushou admiral : shoukan, daishou, taishou, teitoku admiral (fleet) : gensui admiration : kantan, kantan, suuhai, eitan, keitou, sanka admiration devotion : shinpuku admiration (arch. : kanpuku admiration (vs : kanshin admiration of the powerful : jidaishisou admire : miageru English? japanese Dictionary 53 English? japanese (dictionnaire) dmirer : hikute, aidokusha admission : hennyuu, jinin, nyuusho, kanyuu, nyuukai, nyuujou admission? paid : yuuryou admission fee : bouchouryou, kanyuukin, nyuujouryou, nyuukaikin admission free : bouchoumuryou, bouchouzuii Admission Free : adomisshonfuri? admission gate : nyuujoumon admission tax : nyuujouzei admission ticket : bouchouken admission to the courtroom : nyuutei admittance : adomitansu admitting : shouchi admitting defeat : icchuuwoyusuru admixture : kyouzatsubutsu admonishment : kyoukai admonition : keikai, sekkan, kaikoku, kunkai ado : honeori adobe : ado? bi, tenjitsugawara adolescent : seishun Adonis : adonisu adopt : saiyou English? japanese Dictionary 54 English? japanese (dictionnaire) dopted child : youshi adopted daughter : youjo adopted parents : karioya adopted son? in? law : musumemuko adoption : shuuyou, sesshu, saitaku, youshiengumi adoption (e. g. motion : kaketsu adoption or rejection : saihi adoptive father : youfu adoptive mother : youbo adoration : aibo, reihai, suuhai, raihai, sanbi, shinsui adoring : shishuku ADP : jidoude? tashori adrenal glands : fukujin adrenalin : adorenarin adroit : josainai adsorb : kyuuchaku adsorption : kyuuchaku adulation : neiben, bennei adult : ichininmae, teinensha, seijin, otona, adaruto Adult's Day (Jan 15) : seijinnohi adult? like : otonappoi English? japanese Dictionary 55 English? japanese (dictionnaire) adult age : seinen adult education : adarutoedyuke? hon adult shop : adarutoshoppu adulteration : konnyuu, mazemono, fujun adulterer : maotoko, uwakimono, kanpu adulteress : kanpu adultery : fugi, maotoko, furin, mittsuu, kongaiseikou adulthood : teinen advance : joutatsu, shinkou, joutou, shinshutsu, shingeki advance retreat : isshin'ittai advance (abbr) : bansu advance (in pay) : maegari advance base : zenshi nkichi advance delivery : maewatashi advance for manuscript : kouryou advance guard : zen'ei, senjin, senpou advance income : agari advance notice : yokoku advance or retreat : shintai advance party : senpatsu, senpatsutai advance payment : maekin, yonou, maewatashi, sakigane, zennou English? japanese Dictionary 56 English? japanese (dictionnaire) dvance payments : maewatashikin advance sale : sakiuri, maeuri advance troops : senkenbutai, zenshinbutai advance(d) : adobansu advanced : koudo, koushou, adobansudo advanced (developed) country : senshinkoku advanced (old) age : kourei advanced age : rourei advanced level : joukyuu advanced maturity : koudoseichou advanced nations : senshinkoku advancement : shoukyuu, eitatsu, eishin, koujou advancing and retreating : shusshoshintai advancing part of a salary : uchigashi advancing to the first grade : nyuumaku advancing together : heishin advantage : myouri, adobante? ji, eki, yaku, riten, ri, bengi advantage disadvantage : sontoku advant age and disadvantage : son'eki advantage rule : adobante? jiru? ru advantageous : yuuri English? japanese Dictionary 57 English? japanese (dictionnaire) advantageous (an) : yuuri advantages and disadvantages : rigai, ichiriichigai advent : rairin, kourin Adventists : sairinha adventure : adobencha? , bouken, abanchu? u adventure story : boukenshousetsu adventurer : boukensha, yamashi adverb : fukushi adversary : hantaisha adverse : gyakkou adverse stock? market factors : akuzairyou adverse tide : gyakuryuu adverse wind : gyakufuu adversity : gyakkyou, shitsui advertisement : ado, adobataizumento, koukoku advertisement for a wife : kyuusaikoukoku advertising : adobataijingu advertising agency : koukokusha advertising sign : koukokutou advertising sponsor : koukokunushi advice : jogon, susume, jogen, kankoku, chuukoku, keikoku English? japanese Dictionary 58 English? japanese (dictionnaire) advisability : kahi advise : kan adviser : kankokusha, adobaiza? , jogensha, komon, jogonsha ad visor : adovaiza? dvisory organ : shimonkikan advocacy : teishou, daigen, bengo, kosui, shoudou, shushou advocacy of war : shusen advocate : daigensha, ronsha, shuchousha, teishousha, hyoubou Adzuki bean mochi : botamochi aerial : kakuu aerial tram : ro? puuei aerial wiring : kasen aerobic dancing : earobikkudanshingu aerobicise : earobisaizu aerobics : earobikusu aerodynamics : earodainamikkusu Aeroflot : aerofuro? to aerogram : e? roguramu, eroguramu, earoguramu aerogramme : koukuushokan aeroplane : hikouki aerosol : earozoru, eazo? ru English? japanese Dictionary 59 English? japanese (dictionnaire) aesthetic : esutetikku aesthetic appreciation : shinbi aesthetic aversion : itekiken'o aesthetic sense : shinbigan aesthetic sentiment : gakai aestheticism : shinbishugi aestivation : nemui affable : hitonatsukkoi, aisonoii, hitonatsukoi, onga affair : kyoku, gi, afea, sata, shiromono, kotogara, jiken affairs : jibutsu, gyoumu affairs after ones death : kouji affairs of state : kokumu affect : sawaru affectation : kidori, tsukeyakiba, genki, kazarike, shouki affectation (an) : kiza affected : fushizen affected look : tsukurigao affected part : kanbu affected region : kyokubu affected smile : esewarai affection : onjou, aijou, aijaku, jiai, seikou, jouai English? japanese Dictionary 60 English? japanese (dictionnaire) ffectionate : yasashii, yasa affectionate elder brother : jikei affectionate father : jifu, jibo affectionate woman : yasaon'a affections : ren'ai affidavit : koukyousho, koujutsusho, kyoujutsusho, kuchigaki affiliate : boukei, kanyuusha affiliated : doukei, fuzoku affiliated companies : shimaigaisha affiliated company : kankeigaisha affiliated concern : douzokukaisha affiliated with : sanka affiliation : kamei affinity : yuen, shinwasei, enko, inseki, aishou, shinkinkan affirmation : koutei, kakunin, dangen affirmative : kouteiteki affix : fu affixing a seal : kahan affixing one's seal : ouin afflatus : reikan affliction : kannan, nangi, kunou, risa i English? japanese Dictionary 61 English? japanese (dictionnaire) affluence : yuufuku, yutori afflux : ryuunyuu afforestation : shokurin affray : ranzatsu affricative sound (ling) : hasatsuon Afghanistan : afuganisutan aflatoxin : afuratokishin afore? mentioned : zenjutsu aforesaid (a? no) : zenki aforethought : yobou Africa : afurika African daisy : ga? bera Afrikaans : afurika? nsu Afrikaner : afuka? na Afro : afuro Afro? Cuban rhythm : afurokyu? banrizumu Afro? hair : afurohea after : sugi, afuta? after? : jigo after? dinner speech : takujou after? effect : kouishou, yoha English? japanese Dictionary 62 English? japanese (dictionnaire) after? recording : afuta? reko? dingu after? have lotion : afuta? she? buro? shon after? ski : afuta? suki? after (a? no) : ato after (sales) service : afuta? sa? bisu after (taking) a bath (a? no) : yuagari after a long time (id) : hisashiburi after a meal : shokugo after all : sarani, senjitsumeruto, kekkyoku, yousuruni, douse after childbirth : sango after death : botsugo, botsu go, shigo after dinner : yuushokugo after graduation : sotsugyougo after noon : hirusugi after one's death : nakiato after one out (in Baseball) : isshigo after recording (abbr) : afureko after school : houkago after tax : tedori after that : sonogo, sorekara after the rain : ameagari English? japanese Dictionary 63 English? japanese (dictionnaire) after the war : sensougo after this : korekara, igo after two outs : nishigo afterbirth : taiban, atozan, orimono, seigo afterbrain : enzui aftercare : afuta? kea aftereffects : yojin, yogo afterglow : zankou, yokou afterimage : zanzou afterlife : goshou aftermath : nibankari afternoon : gogo, afutanu? n, gogo, hirusugi afternoon dress : afutanu? ndoresu afternoon refreshment : oyatsu afternoon session (market) : goba afternoon shadow : afutanu? nshado? afterquake : yurikaeshi aftershock : yoshin, yurikaeshi aftertaste : atoaji afterward : sonogo afterwards : atode, nochihodo English? japanese Dictionary 64 English? apanese (dictionnaire) afterword : atogaki afterwords (a? no) : nochi again : mou, sai, aratamete, matashitemo, kotoatarashiku again (and again) : matamata again and again : nidosando, saisan, shibashiba against : agensuto, tai against one's will : muriyari against wind : agensutouindo agape : akape? agar? agar : tengusa, kanten agate : sh ippou, menou agave (cactus? like plant) : ryuuzetsuran age : toshigoro, nendai, e? ji, jurei, nenrei, ichidai age? group : e? jiguru? pu age (of a young lady) : houki age (one's) : yowai age 15 : shigaku age 16 (girl) : haka age 20 : teinen age 30 : jiritsu age 40 : shorou English? japanese Dictionary 65 English? apanese (dictionnaire) age 50 : chimei age 60 : jijun age 64 (man) : haka age difference : nenreisa age fifty : isoji age limit : teinen age of a tree : jurei age of decadence : mappou age of puberty : toshigoro age of the moon : getsurei age relationship : toshimawari age seventy : nanasoji, koki age shooter : e? jishu? ta? age sixty : musoji age thirty : misoji aged : furui aged 20 : jakkan aged 61 : kakou ageing : e? jingu ageism : e? jizumu agency : e? jenshi? , toritsugi, chuukai, dairiten, nakadachi English? japanese Dictionary 66 English? japanese (dictionnaire) agenda : kyougijikou, gidai, kaigijikou, nittei agent : dairigyousha, dairinin, e? ento, shuusennin, douin agent's charge : assenryou ages : hitomukashi agglutination : kouchaku, yuugou agglutinative language : kouchakugo aggravation : juudaika, kachou, kajuu, gekika, akka aggregate : shuukei aggregate amount : souryou aggregation : shuusei aggression : shinryaku, kousei, shinnyuu, sanshoku aggressive : aguresshibu, shinryakuteki aggressive attitude : koushisei aggressive war : shinryakusensou aggressor : shinryakusha aggressor nation : shinryakukoku agile : binshou, subayai agility : binsoku aging : shorou, fuke, e? jingu agism : e? jizumu agitate : kakuhan, aoru English? japanese Dictionary 67 English? japanese (dictionnaire) gitation : ajite? shon, sendou, sendou, kakuhan, douran agitation (abbr) : aji agitation bill (abbr) : ajibira agitation for expulsion : haisekiundou agitator : ajite? ta? agnate : fukei AgNO3 (abbr) : shousangin agnostic : fukachiteki agnosticism : fukachiron ago : izenni, izen ago (suf) : zen agonist : kyougisha agonizing : kutou agony : nayami, junan, hanmon, kutsuu, kunou agony of separation : riku agoraphobia : agorafobia agree with : douchou agreeable : kokoroyoi, aisonoii, kaiteki agreed : ikketsu agreement : icchi, gitei, kyouteian, shoudaku, nattoku, gacchi agreement of minds : uraawase English? japanese Dictionary 68 English? japanese (dictionnaire) greement of wills : ishinosotsuu agribusiness : aguribijinesu agricultural : nora agricultural chemicals : nouyaku agricultural community : nouson agricultural cooperative : noukyou agricultural land : nouchi agricultural produce : nousanbutsu agricultural products : nousan agricultural soldiers : tondenhei agricultural species : saibaishu agriculture : nougyou, agurikarucha? , noukou, nou, nougaku agriculture industry : noukou agriculture and forestry : nourin agrippa : sakago ague : okan ah : ara Ah! : aa, yare ahead : maeni, sakini, aheddo, osakini ahead of time : hayameni AI : jinkouchinou English? japanese Dictionary 69 English? japanese (dictionnaire) aid : kyuujo, sewa, hosa, fu jo, shien, kyuugo, kyuusai aide : fukukan, fukkan aide? de? amp : fukkan, fukukan aiding : josei AIDS : eizu aikido : aikidou aikido practitioner : aikidouka Aikido rear defence (MA) : ushirowaza Aikido seated defence (MA) : suwariwaza aikido world association : aikikai ailment : shikkan aim : shikou, mokuteki, shui, kokorogake, ate, kentou aim at : mokushi aim of attack : hokosaki aimed at foreigners : gaijinmuki aimless : manzen, atenonai aimless wandering : urouro aimlessly : burabura, hyouzen, dokotomonaku Ainu : ezo, ainu, ebisu air : tei, kuuki, ea, fuzei, kuuchuu, ea? , tenkuu air? conditioned : reiboukanbi English? japanese Dictionary 70 English? japanese (dictionnaire) air? conditioned car : reibousha air? conditioning : reibousouchi, reibou air? cooled (a? no) : kuureishiki air? cooling apparatus : reibousouchi air? to? air (a? no) : kuutaikuu air? to? surface (a? no) : kuutaichi air? to? urface missile : kuutaichimisairu air bag : eabaggu air battle : kuuchuusen air brake : eabure? ki air breathing engine : eaburi? jinguenjin air cargo : eaka? go air check : eachekku air cleaner : eakuri? na? air commodore : shoushou air compressor : eakonpuressa? air conditioner : eakon, eakondishona? air conditioning : kuukichousei, eakon, eakondishoningu air conditioning (abbr) : kuuchou air cooling : kuurei air curtain : eaka? ten English? japanese Dictionary 71 English? japanese (dictionnaire) air cushion : eakusshon air defense : boukuu air defense artillery : boukuuhou air dome : eado? mu air door : eadoa air drop : kuuchuutouka air duct : kidou Air Force : kuugun air force : eafo? su Air France : e? rufuransu air girl : eaga? u air gun : eagan air hole : kazeana, kazaana, kuukikou air hostess : eahosutesu air lane : kuuro air letter : koukuushokan air liaison officer : kuugunrenrakushoukou air mail : koukuubin, eame? ru air mass : kidan air mobile : kuuchuukidou air pad : eapaddo English? japanese Dictionary 72 English? japanese (dictionnaire) air pageant : eape? jento air people : eapi? puru air pocket : eapoketto, kuukikou, shinkuutai air pollution : taikiosen air pot : eapotto air pump : eaponpu air raid : kuushuu air rifle : earaifuru air right : earaito air service : easa? bisu air shoot : eashu? to air shuttle : eashatoru air sick : eashikku air strike : koukuukougeki air superiority : koukuuyuusei air terminal : eata? minaru air ticket : koukuuken air towel : eataoru air transport : kuuyu airborne : kuutei, eabo? airborne troops : kuuteibutai English? japanese Dictionary 73 English? japanese (dictionnaire) airbrush : eaburashi Airbus : eabasu aircraft : koukuuki aircraft carrier : koukuubokan aircraft) : unkou airhead : a? pa? , ahondara airily : hyouhyou airing of books : bakusho airline : koukuugaisha, earain airport : hikoujou, eapo? to, kuukou airport tax : eapo? totakkusu airship : hikousen airsick bag : eashikkubaggu airsickness : eashikkunesu airspace : kuukan airspace management : kuuikikanri airtight : kimitsu, mippei a irtight chamber : kimitsushitsu airway : eauxe? airy : fuwafuwa Akasagarbha (bodhisattva) : kokuuzou English? japanese Dictionary 74 English? apanese (dictionnaire) Akasaka Prince Hotel (abbr) : akapuri akin : doukei Akutagawa Ryuunosuke (auth) : akutagawaryuunosuke Alabama : arabama alacrity : binkatsu alarm : keiteki, keihou, ara? mu, hijoushingou alarm? clock : mezamashidokei, mezamashi alarm bell : keishou alarm clock : mezamashitokei alarming : yuyushii alas : atara, attara alas! : sai, kana Alas! : aa Alaska : arasuka albatross : arubatorosu, shinten'ou, ahoudori Alberta : aruba? ta albino : arubino, hakukakotai albino fox : shirogitsune Albireo (aka Beta Cygni) : arubireo album : arubamu albumin : arubumin, ranpaku English? japanese Dictionary 75 English? japanese (dictionnaire) lchemy : ougonjutsu, renkinjutsu alcohol : aruko? ru, sake alcohol expenses : sakadai alcoholic addiction : inshuheki alcoholism : aruko? ruizonshou alcove : toko, aruko? bu, tokonoma Alcyone (star in Taurus : arushio? ne aldehyde : arudehido alert : taiki alexandrite : arekisandoraito algae : sourui, mo algebra : daisuugaku, daisuu algebraic expression : daisuushiki alginic acid : aruginsan Algol : arugoru algorithm : arugorizumu, enzantejun algorithmic : arugorizumikku alias : henmei, urana, karina, imyou, eiriasu, betsumyou alias (false name) : gimei alibi : fuzaishoumei, aribai alien : e? rian, takokujin, eirian, iseijin English? japanese Dictionary 76 English? japanese (dictionnaire) lien elements : ibunshi alien registration : gaikokujintouroku alien registration card : gaikokujintourokushoumeisho alien tax : nyuukokuzei alienation : rihan, sokaku aliens : iteki alighting : gesha, chakuriku alignment : rosen, shoujun, arainmento, douchou alike : tomoni alimony : fuyouryou alkali : arukari alkaline (an) : arukarisei alkaloid : arukaroido alkalosis : arukaro? shisu all : arankagiri, issai, bantan, sukkari, tomo, menmen all? A (student) : zenkou all? America : zenbei all? in? one : o? ruinwan all? night : o? runaito all? night Mah Jongg : tetsuman all? night vigil over a body : tsuya English? japanese Dictionary 77 English? japanese (dictionnaire) all? occasion dress : o? ruoke? jondoresu all? out : zenmenteki all? out war : zenmensonsou all? purpose : han'you, banninmuki, o? upa? pasu, bannou, mannou all? purpose flour : chuurikiko all? round : o? ruraundo all? round (market) advance : isseidaka all? round (market) decline : isseiyasu all? round player : o? ruraundopure? ya? all? season coat : o? rushi? zunko? to all? season dress : o? rushi? zundoresu all? season track : o? rushi? zuntorakku all? star cast : o? rusuta? kyasuto all? star game : o? rusuta? ge? mu all? wave (receiver) : o? ruue? bu all? wave receiver : zenpajushinki all? weather coat : o? ruueza? ko? to all? weather track : o? ruueza? torakku all? wool : junmou all (a? no) : kakuhan, zenpuku, hyappan all (an) : sokkuri English? japanese Dictionary 78 English? japanese (dictionnaire) all (not) : kanarazushimo all (of you) : ittou all (one has) : take all (pref) : ban, zen all (present) : manjou all acts : hyakkou all ages : roujaku, bandai, bansei, rounyaku, kokon, senko all altogether : gassai all animate creation : gunsei all around : manbennaku all at once : isseini, tachimachi, issei all at once (a? no) : totsuzen all at sea : gorimuchuu all back : o? rubakku all candidates : zenkouho all circumstances : bankyou all companies : kakusha all compositions : zenkyoku all concerned : ichidou all countries : bankoku all creation : banmotsu, ban'yuu, banbutsu, banshou English? japanese Dictionary 79 English? japanese (dictionnaire) all creatures : issaishujou all day : shuujitsu all day and night : ichinichiichiya all days : zenjitsu all doors closed : happoufusagari all efforts : souryoku all Europe : zen'ou all evils : hyakuhei all eyes : juumoku, shuumoku all generations : mandai, yorozuyo all goods : zenpin all guarantee : o? rugyaranti? all hands : zen'in all health and happiness : banpuku, manpuku all heaven : zenten all Hokkaido : zendou all houses : banko all items : shinazoroe all kinds (of food) : hyakumi all kinds of : moromoro, hyappan all kinds of animals : hyakujuu English? japanese Dictionary 80 English? japanese (dictionnaire) ll kinds of goods : hyakka all kinds of malicious gossip : akkouzougon all kinds of sicknesses : manbyou all kinds of trees : kigi all lands : zenchi all lines : zensen all locations (abbr) : o? ruroke all mail : zenbin all means : bansaku, hyakkei all members : souzei all members (unanimity) : zen'in all nations : banpou all nature : bansh ou all night : shuuya, hitoyo, hitoya, tetsuya, yomosugara, yojuu all night through : ichiyajuu, hitoyajuu all night vigil : yoakashi, tetsuya All Nippon Airlines : zennikkuu all obstacles : hyakunan, banshou all of a sudden : dashinuke, totsujo, gazen, ikinari all of us : ichidou all one's ability : zennouryoku English? japanese Dictionary 81 English? japanese (dictionnaire) all one's power : zenryoku all or nothing : o? uoanashingu all over : oteage, manbennaku all over the country : kunijuu, zenkokutsutsuuraura, tsutsuuraura all over the house : kachuu all over the island : touchuu all over town : boukan all parts : kakubu all pass : o? rupasu all people : banmin, banjin, bannin all phases : kakumen all places : bankyou all prefectures : kakuken all present : ichidou all ranks : kisen all right : daijoubu, yoroshii, shimeta, o? rai, junchou, yoshi all right! : yoshi all risks : o? rurisukusu all sects : kakuha all shook up : orooro all sides : happou, hachimen English? japanese D ictionary 82 English? japanese (dictionnaire) all sorts : kakushu all sorts of trouble : hyakunan all square : o? usukuea all the armies : bangun all the banks (of a river) : zengan all the citizens of the city : zenshimin all the daimyos : sanbyakushokou all the houses (in town) : zenko all the inhabitants : zenjuumin all the more : ichidan, kaette, wakete, kyaku, issou, naosara all the officials : hyakkan all the people : choumin all the peoples : zenminshuu all the rest : zenpyou all the time : nirokujichuu, itsudemo all the universe : banshou all the way : moroni, harubaru all things : banmotsu, banbutsu, ban'yuu, banpan all this week : konshuuchuu all through : buttooshini all through life : isshougai, isshou English? japanese Dictionary 83 English? japanese (dictionnaire) ll tickets : zenseki all times and places : kokontouzai all together : ikkatsu all varieties of flowers : hyakka all year round : nenbyakunenjuu, ichinenjuu, nengaranenjuu all you can drink (id) : nomihoudai all you can eat (id) : tabehoudai Allah : ara? allegation : moushitate allegiance : kyoujun allegory : guuwa, aregori? , hiyu, fuuyu allegretto : areguretto allegro : areguro allergy : arerugi? allergy to pollen : kafunshou alleviation of fever : genetsu alley : roji, uratoori, yokochou, uradoori alley cat : noraneko alley house : uraya alleyway : roji alliance : rengou, engumi English? japanese Dictionary 84 English? japanese (dictionnaire) Alliance : araiansu alliance : renmei, doumei, gattai, renritsu, doumei allied armies : doumeigun allied political party : yuutou allies : kyoushoukoku alligator : arige? ta? , waniguchi, wani alliteration : touin alloc : arokku allocate : aroke? to allocation : waritsuke, kakudzuke, wariate, aroke? shon, bun'yo allophone (ling) : ion allot : warifuru allotment : kappu, waritsuke, wariate, wariategaku, wappu allotrope : dousotai allowance : yoyuu, tegokoro, shiokuri, kyuuyo, fuyo, kousa allowance for : kagen alloy : goukin allspice : o? rusupaisu allurement : yuuwaku alluring : kowakuteki alluvial : chuuseki English? japanese Dictionary 85 English? apanese (dictionnaire) alluvial period : chuusekiki, chuusekisei alluvial soil : chuusekido alluvial stratum : chuusekisou alluvium : chuusekisou ally : mikata, yokoku ally (of another nation) : doumeikoku alma mater : bokou, shusshinkou alma mater clique : gakubatsu almanac : arumanakku, koyomi almighty : zennou, o? rumaiti? almighty (a? no) : bannou almond : hentou, a? mondo almond oil : hentouyu almost : mazu, ayauku, hobo, hakkubu, kubu, arakata almost all : ookata alms : gouriki, hodokoshimono almsgiving : kisha aloe : aroe aloes? wood perfume : kyara aloes wood : kyara aloha : aroha English? japanese Dictionary 86 English? japanese (dictionnaire) loha shirt : arohashatsu alone : tandokude, tanshin, hitoribocchi, hitori, hitoride along : nitsuite, sotte along (the wall) (suf) : dzutaini along railway line (a? no) : ensen along the east coast : touganzoini along the eastern seashore : touganzoini along the north coast : hokuganzoini along the river : kawazoi along the southern coast : nanganzoini aloof : tsuntsun aloof from the world : hyouhyou aloofness : kokou alpaca : arupaka alpha : arufa alphabet : arufabetto alphabetical order : e? bi? shi? jun alphanumeric character : eisuuji Alphard (aka Alpha Hydra) : arufarudo alpine : arupain, kouzan alpine flower : e? deruwaisu English? japanese Dictionary 87 English? japanese (dictionnaire) lpinism : arupinizumu alpinist : arupinisuto alps : arupusu already : sudeni, mohaya, kanegane, mou, senkoku, kanete already acquired : kitoku already known : kichi already proved : shoumeizumi also : mata, yappari, yahari, nimo altar : saidan, kumotsudai altar boy : jisha altar of sacrifice : so alteration : kawari, kae, hen'i, kaisei, henkou, henzou, henka alternate : tagaichigai, kougo, orutaneito, hitotsuoki, kawari alternate interior angles : sakkaku alternate plan : daian alternately : tokkaehikkae, kawaribankoni, kawarugawaru alternating? current winding : bunmaki alternating current : kouryuu alternation : koutai, tagaichigai alternative : takuitsuteki, nishasen'itsu, o? ruta? natibu alternative plan : jizensaku English? japanese Dictionary 88 English? japanese (dictionnaire) alternative school : o? ruta? natibusuku? ru alternative space : o? ruta? natibusupe? u alternatively : nishatakuitsu although : tatoe, noni, tatoi altitude : koudo altitude sic kness : koushobyou, kouzanbyou alto : aruto altogether : sokkuri, zenbu, awasete, issaigassai, kotogotoku altruism : aitashugi, hakuaishugi, taai altruistic : rita alumina : arumina aluminium : aruminiumu, arumi aluminium and sicilicum alloy : shirumin aluminium foil : arumihoiru aluminium sash : arumisasshi aluminum (Al) : aruminiumu, arumi alumni : dousousei alumni meeting : dousoukai alumnus : dousousei, kouyuu, shusshinsha, sotsugyousei alveolus : haihou, shisou always : tsuneni, tsunedzune, fudan, kirinashi, itsudemo English? japanese Dictionary 89 English? japanese (dictionnaire) always (not) : kanarazushimo always a fool (id) : bakahashinanakyanaoranai always hitting the bull's? ye : hyappatsuhyakuchuu always saying the wrong thing : nenjuushitsugen Alzheimer disease : arutsuhaima? byou am : gozen Amadeus : amadeusu amalgam : amarugamu amalgamation : heigou, gouhei, gappei, goudou amanuensis : daishonin, daisho, daihitsu amassing of wealth : chikuzai amateur : amachua, shirou to, mongaikan amateur (abbr) : ama amateur word (in art) : tonosamashigoto amateurism : amachuarizumu amateurism (in art) : tonosamagei amazement : ikkyou amazing : kyoutendouchi, odorokubeki, sugoi Amazon : amazon ambassador : anbasada? , taishi ambassador plenipotentiary : zenkentaishi English? japanese Dictionary 90 English? japanese (dictionnaire) amber : anba? kohaku amber (colour) : kohakuiro amber colour : bekkouiro ambidextrous (person) : ryoutekiki ambience : anbiansu, fun'iki ambiguous : mourou, futokuyouryou, magirawashii, ayafuya ambition : haki, houfu, taimou, yabou, koujoushin, iyoku ambitious person : yashinka ambitious undertaking : yuuto ambivalence : anbibarensu, aizouheison ambulance : anbaransu, kyuukyuusha ambulance helicopter : kyuukyuuherikoputa? ambush : senpuku, fusezei, fukuzei, yougeki, mukaeutsu ambush attack : geigeki ameboid movement : ame? baundou AMeDAS : amedasu amen : a? men, namu amender : shuuseisha amendment : kaisei, shuusei amenity : ameniti? , kaitekisa America : beikoku, amerika English? japanese Dictionary 91 English? japanese (dictionnaire) America's Cup race : amerikazukappure? u American : amerikan American? Soviet : beiso American coffee : amerikanko? hi? American English (lang) : beigo American football : amerikanfuttobo? ru American football (abbr) : amefuto American Indian : hokubeidojin American League : amerikanri? gu American league (abbr) : ariggu American of Japanese descent : nikkeibeijin American person : amerikajin American plan : amerikanpuran American rugby (abbr) : ameragu American sign language : amesuran American submarine : porarisu American vulgarity : beizoku Americanism : amerikanizumu Americanize : amerikanaizu americium (Am) : amerishiumu Ameslan : amesuran English? japanese Dictionary 92 English? japanese (dictionnaire) methyst : amejisuto, ameshisuto, murasakisuishou amiability : hitozuki amiable : hitonatsukoi, onryou, aisonoii, hitonatsukkoi amicable : yuukouteki Amida Buddha's original vo w : hongan amidst : uchini amino acid : aminosan Amitabha (Budd. deity) : amida amity : shuukou, yuukou ammonia : anmonia ammonite : anmonaito ammonite (traditional name) : kikuishi ammunition : dan'yaku amnesia : kenboushou amnesty : amunesuti, onsha, taisha, tokusha Amnesty International : amunesutiinta? nashonaru amoeba : ame? ba Amoghasiddhi : fukuujouju among (them) : nakaniha among other things : nakandzuku among rocks : iwama English? japanese Dictionary 93 English? japanese (dictionnaire) morous : tajou, iroppoi amorous glance : irome amorous man : bikachou amorphous : amorufasu amortization : shoukan, shoukyaku amount : teido, bunryou, ryou, taka, kagaku amount allotted : buntangaku amount invested or contributed : shukkingaku amount of business : jimuryou amount of consumption : shouhiryou amount of drinking : insuiryou amount of inventory : shouhinzaidaka amount of investment : shusshigaku amount of money : kingaku amount of rainfall : kouuryou amount of sugar : toubun am ount of tax : zeigaku amount of work : koutei amount or sum (of money) : gaku amount received : shuunougaku amount sold : uriage English? japanese Dictionary 94 English? japanese (dictionnaire) mount used : shiyouryou amp : anpu ampere : anpea amperometer : denryuukei amphetamine : anfetamin amphibian (an) : ryousei amphibian plane : ryouyouki amphibious (a? no) : suirikuryouyou amphibious animal : ryouseidoubutsu ample : tappuri amplification : engi amplification (elec) : zoufuku amplifier : anpurifaia amplitude (of vibration) : shinpuku ampoule : anpuru amputation : setsudan amputee : setsudankanja Amsterdam : amusuterudamu Amtrak : amutorakku amulet : mayoke, gofu amusement : goraku, ikkyou, amyu? zumento English? japanese Dictionary 95 English? japanese (dictionnaire) amusement center : amyu? zumentosenta? amusement of the company : zakyou amusement park : yuuenchi amusement program : gorakubangumi amusement quarters : sakariba amusing : okashii, omoshiroi, omoshiro amylase : am ira? e an â€Å"expose† (in a magazine) : suppanuki an abductor : yuukaihannin an abortive : oroshigusuri an accuser : sonin an act : shiuchi an age : issei an American : beikokujin an antique : koki an armful : hitokakae an army : ichigun an arrow : isshi an art : ichigei an article : ichimotsu an auspicious event : kichiji, kitsuji English? japanese Dictionary 96 English? japanese (dictionnaire) an auspicious occasion! : omedetou an authority : kyohaku an eccentric : kawarimono an edition : ippan an effort : hitoiki an elder : jouchou an elder brother : sonkei an empty dream : issuinoyume an enclosure : ippuu an end : shuumatsu, kugiri an exchange transaction : kawari an expert : honshoku an expression : kuchimawashi an extra : omake an honest man : maningen an idea : issaku, ichian an immediate definite deal : hitokuchiakinai an imperial hearing : joubun an important office : ichiyaku an inch ahead : issunsaki an incident : ichigi English? japanese Dictionary 97 English? a panese (dictionnaire) an incurve : naikyokkyuu an individual : kotai, ichikojin an inferior : ressha an informant : sonin an ingredient : ichimi an instance : ichirei an instant : ikkoku, issetsuna, isshunkan, isshun an insurrection : ikki an iron : noshi an isolated house : ikken'ya an item : ikkou, ippin, hitotsugaki, ikken an office : ichiyaku an official : ri an old ceremonial garb : kamishimo an only child : hitorikko, hitotsubudane, hitorigo, isshi an only daughter : hitorimusume an only son : hitorimusuko an opinion : ichikenshiki an orange : orenji an ordinary method : hitosujinawa an ordinary person : ippanjin English? japanese Dictionary 98 English? japanese (dictionnaire) an overnight march : ippakukougun an RBI hit : taimuri? hitto an ultranationalist : ikkokumono an unbroken view : ichibou an upstart : narikin an) : kanpuku, kanshin, adeyaka ANA : zennikkuu anabolism : doukasayou anachronism : jidaisakugo, anakuronizumu anachronism (abbr) : anakuro anaconda : uwabami anaesthesia : masui anagram : anaguramu anal (col) (X) : ketsunoana anal fistula : jirou, kireji analects : goroku analgesic : chintsuuyaku analgesic (an) : chintsuusei analog : anarogu analog computer : anarogukonpyu? ta? analog computer (abbr) : anakon English? japanese Dictionary 99 English? japanese (dictionnaire) nalog digital (abbr) : anadeji analog digital converter : anarogudejitaruhenkanki analog speedometer : anarogusupi? dome? ta? analogous : ruiji analogue : anarogu analogy : ruisui, ruihi, anaroji? , souji analyser : anaraiza? analysis : anarishisu, bunkai, bunseki, kaiseki analysis table : bunsekihyou analyst : anarisuto analytical : bunkai teki analytical chemistry : bunsekikagaku analyticity (physics) : kaisekisei analytics : bunsekigaku analyzer : anaraiza anamnesis : kioushou Anaphylaxie (G) : anafirakishi? anarchism : ana? kizumu anarchism (doctrine of) : museifushugi anarchist : ana? kisuto anarchy : museifu, ana? ki? English? japanese Dictionary 100 English? japanese (dictionnaire) nathema : hamon, anatema anatomy